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THE 

Student's Text Book 



ON 



Character Reading. 



ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IX SCHOOLS, AND FOR THE 

STUDENT WHO WOULD BECOME A PRACTICAE 

DELINEATOR OF CHARACTER. 



JY 



MRS. V. P. ENGLISH, 

A."l SCOTT. ^^ 

MAY 15 IP 



Ohio State Publishing Co., 
cleveland, ohio. 



.E5" 



COPYRIGHT, 1896, 
5Y THE AUTHORS. 



INTRODUCTION. 



One hundred years ago, scientific accur 
character reading and the ability to determine 
mental manifestations by physical developments 
of the brain, by facial expression and development 
and by physiognomical conditions was a thing 
unknown and undreamed of. 

By a mere accident, Dr. Franz Joseph Gall, 
discovered that the brain is an aggregate of many 
parts or organs, each manifesting a particular 
mental faculty. Following up this fact he was; 
enabled, by careful observation and experiment, to 
correctly determine the exact function of almost 
every mind faculty, by noticing what mental 
characteristics invariably accompanied certain 
cranial developments. This knowledge was later 
verified by observation of the effect of disease or 
injury of these parts. These investigations and 
experiments led to the fact, that the size of each 
organ, other things being equal, is the measure 
of the power of that organ. 



4 INTRODUCTION. » 

These fundamental truths having been estab- 
lished, the science of Phrenology grew rapidly 
under the investigations of Dr. Gall, Dr. Spurz- 
heiin, George and Andrew Combe and others. 
It is generally admitted by Physiologists that a man 
cannot think, feel or will without the intervention 
of the Brain, as when pressure is applied to the 
Brain, consciousness is suspended. That the brain 
is a plurality of organs is self-evident, as different 
functions are never performed by the same organ, 
physiologically speaking, and as mental powers do 
not all manifest themselves at once, but are ex- 
pressed successive^, collectively, separately or indi- 
vidually, they must emanate from different organs. 
Partial injuries to the brain, affecting the mental 
manifestations of the parts injured, but leaving the 
other faculties sound, lead to the same conclusions. 
Notwithstanding the scientific accuracy and the 
practical usefulness of Phrenology, it is still regard- 
ed by many with undue incredulity. Of course, it 
has not reached the limit of perfection — far from it 
— but it certainly has received the same earnest at- 
tention and reflection that are indispensible to the 
acquiring of a scientific knowledge of Natural Phil- 
osophy, Chemistry, Anatomy or any other science, 
and has reached a degree of perfection where the de- 
velopment of the skull (the physiological cno- 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

ditions being in harmony) will accurately point out 
to the examiner the exact mental characteristics of 
the individual. 

Physiognomy, an important consideration in 
reading character, though it has scarcely reached 
the scientific system that Phrenology has, is a sub- 
ject of considerable interest. It has been established 
beyond doubt that nearl)^ every mental feeling 
or emotion is expressed in the countenance or in 
the manner of action, through a communication 
which must exist between the brain faculties and 
the muscles of the face. As will be seen later, the 
general form of outline and features is a marked 
index of the character of the person. 

Phrenology, Physiognorr^, Physiological con- 
ditions, etc., all combine to establish the "Science 
of Character Reading." A work on these subjects 
that may be classified as a Text Book, that will meet 
with the requirements of Students and Instructors, 
has been a long felt want in literary and educational 
circles, and it is our aim in this book to give to the 
students of this subject, the advantage of additional 
facts and improved classified knowledge gained by 
experience and close observation. 

There are many good works on Phrenology, 
etc., in our libraries, but, simply reading these, gives 
but an idea of the subject, and the results ob- 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

tained fall very short of the mark of Practical Know- 
ledge in comparison with the capabilities of the sub- 
ject. The value of a systematic course of study 
with a view of proficient ability to delineate charac- 
ter can only be appreciated by experience. 

The necessity of a knowledge of Human Na- 
ture scarcely needs elucidation. In fact we have no 
doubt that the future of this science will find its 
cognition as an integral part of a thorough educa- 
tional course, and a knowledge of accurate Char- 
acter Reading should not be confined to the profes- 
sional field, while the professional man in practic- 
ing Phrenology assumes a responsibility and task 
of no little importance. He has in his power the 
opportunity to change or direct the whole life 
course of his clients, and the vital importance of 
unerring ability and judgment in his work can 
be readily understood. 

Character reading should form a part of the 
course of study in every High School, Seminary and 
College. The study of Phrenology is essentially 
calculated to develop the mind in two senses of the 
word. It is even more valuable as a brain discipline 
than many of the studies now used in schools 
principally for that purpose, and besides this it 
points out to the student the possibilities, advan- 
tages and value of self-culture. It shows the indi- 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

vidual what tendencies he should cultivate and 
what he should restrain. 

In teaching Phrenology the instructor has 
always been hampered by lack of a systemized text 
book. The books used in instruction have been 
designed as charts rather than text books, and 
while many students acquire a theoretical know- 
ledge of the science and are able to estimate the 
strength of individual organs, there are very few 
even among the professional delineators who can 
accurately combine the organs, relative to their 
strength and give the information concerning self- 
culture, business and marriage adaptions and 
qualifications for life pursuits, that are so valuable 
to the individual under consideration. This, as 
has been intimated is not from any fault of the 
science or the knowledge of the science to be 
derived from the many good works on the subject, 
but is the result of the manner in which that know- 
ledge has been presented. Most works on Phrenology 
have been written either to prove and establish the 
science or as charts in which to mark character, and 
neither of these classes of works have met the require- 
ments of the student. Mistakes have been made 
hy attributing characteristics wrongly to organs to 
which they do not owe their origin. For instance ; 
some of the abilities given by Language have been 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

confused with some of the tendencies of Imitation * 
also those of Combativeness with Destructiveness. 
Many organs have more tendencies than the name 
of the organ would imply and some of these have 
been neglected. For instance : Sublimity, Vitative- 
ness, and Veneration have a wider range of use than 
is usually attributed them. 

This book is the result of effort to teach Phren- 
ology without proper implements and these lessons 
have been so arranged as to, step by step, acquire 
the most valuable points in the most valuable success- 
ion and is calculated to teach the — not difficult — art 
of reading Character b} T known rules. If we suc- 
ceed in bringing the Science of Phrenology within 
the reach of the understanding of the ordinary in- 
dividual, who desires to become a proficient delin- 
eator of character, and succeed in establishing a 
broader interest in this prolific method of human 
development and to enable the student to cultivate 
or perfect himself and direct others wisely toward 
self-cultivation, we shall have fulfilled our inten- 
tion. 



PART I. 



ORGANIC QUALITY AS INDICATING CHARACTER. 



ORGANIC QUALITY consists of two ele- 
ments, Fineness and Density. Ever} 7 thing in Nature 
is estimated by the constitution and construction of 
its fibers, as either fine, soft, tenuous, delicate, or 
coarse, rough, gross, crude; as dense, elastic, firm, 
wiry, close knit, strong ; or flabby, loose knit, flac- 
cid and spongy. Some things are fine but not dense. 
Some are dense but not fine, and some possess both 
elements in equal proportion. For example of fine- 
ness, compare the texture of silk with that of sack- 
cloth. For example of density, compare the texture 
of linen paper with that of tissue. The different 
kinds of wood give good examples of the differences 
in organic structure. Hickory, oak, ash and lignum 
vitae are more dense than pine and poplar. Ebony r 
rosewood and mahogany are both very fine and 
very dense. 

We determine the use of everything by these 
qualities. The animal as well as the vegetable 
kingdom possess these same qualities in accord- 
ance with their nature, and every part of everything 



10 CHARACTER READING. 

in existence is in harmony with the function of the 
whole. Thus in animals, if the skin is course, 
dense and strong, the nature of the animal is strong, 
powerful and fierce ; but if the skin is fine and the 
hair soft and glossy, the animal is gentle, timid, in- 
telligent and easily tamed. See the toughness and 
density of the skin of the elephant and the strong 
close knit muscles of the lion, and how these corres- 
pond with the very nature of the animal. See the 
fine, soft coat of the deer, gazelle, lamb and rabbit, 
and the corresponding gentleness and timidity of 
these animals. In man, organic quality practically 
modifies his whole character and make-up in much 
the same way. 

The grain of the skin in the fleshy part of the 
palm of the hand is a true indication of the con- 
dition of the organization — fineness or coarseness, 
density or flaccidity of Organic Quality of the brain 
as w r ell as the body. The fineness and texture of 
the hair also determines the fineness and density 
of Organization; Hence if the fibers of the skin, 
(which may be seen best in the palm of the hand) 
are fine and numerous, and the hair is fine and 
glossy, but firm and strong, the Organic Quality is 
of a high grade, for we have both fineness and 
density represented, and the physical and mental 
structure and capabilities will correspond. 



ORGANIC QUALITY. 11 

The characteristics which would naturally ema- 
nate from this condition would make one intuitive 
and highly susceptible to impressions. Persons so 
organized have deep feelings and emotions, enjoy 
keenly and suffer keenly, enjoy the beautiful, the 
artistic, the spiritual, and everything of a moral and 
elevating tendency. Where the grain of the skin 
is coarse and gross, and the hair is course, hard and 
bristly, the individual is correspondingly gross, 
rude, vulgar and selfishly inclined. Such people 
live to gratify the animal passions and appetites. 
They are liable to dissipation, and as a result are 
easily led into the depths of crime and depravity. 

Very often there are indications of both fineness 
and coarseness. For instance, the grain of the skin 
may indicate rather a course organization, and the 
hair may possess all the indications of good Organic 
Quality. Individuals of this description possess 
somewhat the characteristics of both fine and coarse 
organizations. Their nature is at war with itself. 
At times they will shock their finer sensibilities. 
They will be subject to great extremes in feeling. 
They are capable of adapting themselves to nearly 
all forms of life according to environment. 

Density means compactness. All matter po- 
ssesses the properties of compressibility and expan- 
sibility, by which density is determined. Density 



12 CHARACTER READING. 

is one of the most important factors in estimating 
capabilities. If the hair is firm, strong and wiry, 
and the flesh and muscles are hard and firm, they 
indicate good density (See Fig. 5). These need not 
necessarily obviate the element of fineness, as the 
hair may be fine as well as strong and wiry. Dens- 
ity gives concentrativeness, clearness, power, alert- 
ness, and great activity. Taking into consideration 
the size of brain, it gives greater capacity and more 
endurance for mental and physical exercise. 
Those w 7 ho lack density are pliable, uncertain r 
hesitating, and unable to concentrate. 

ORGANIC QUALITY AS INDICATED BY COMPLEX ON. 

' Density is usually found in the brunette, and 
fineness in the blonde, although these are rules with 
many exceptions. People who have very dark hair 
in combination with dark, greasy or swarthy skin 
are usually deficient in fineness, although other 
things being equal, they may have density and en- 
durance. People who have light or blonde com- 
plexion are usually fine in organic quality, but are 
more likely to be lacking in densit3 r . However, as 
above stated, these are rules with many exceptions, 
as we very frequently find good combinations in 
both cases. This is simply for a guide to show 
where to look for these qualities. Expect to find 
fineness in the blonde mid density in the brunette. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AS AFFECTING 
CHARACTER. 



HEALTH : Health is the co-ordination of all 
the life functions. The classified proportional ca- 
pacity of these different functions determines Tem- 
perament. Health can only be obtained and main- 
tained by obeying all the natural laws, which gives 
life and vigor to all the organs and produces mental 
and physical activity and endurance. There is little 
need to occupy time and space here to dwell upon 
the importance of this, as good works on Physiology 
and Hygiene are available to all. 

The indications of health are clearness of the 
complexion, elasticity of the step, and general buoy- 
ancy and vivacity expressed in the countenance. 
One who has poor health cannot possess mental or 
physical vigor or activity, cannot enjoy the pleasures 
of life, or fulfill his social or business duties as he 
could otherwise; and it has quite a marked effect in 
lowering the tone of the whole character. 

TEMPERAMENTS : The constitution of man 
is divided into three great active principles, viz : the 
Vital, relating to the animal functions; the Motive, 



14 CHARACTER READING. 

relating to the frame work ; the Mental, relating to 
the brain and nervous system. These are classified 
as Temperaments or Elements of Constitution. 

THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT is the life 
giving part of man, pertaining to the heart, lungs, 
and the organs of digestion and assimilation. It fur- 
nishes nourishment and support to the body and 
brain. When it is predominant, it is accompanied 
by general roundness of the form, and fullness of the 
cheeks and chin. This Temperament is subdivided 
into three elements, viz : the Respiratory, Circulatory 
and Digestive capacities, and one or two of these 
elements may be in predominance. When the di- 
gestive element is in predominance, it gives a sur- 
plus of lymphatic tissue, and is attended by corpu- 
lency and sometimes sluggishness and needs re- 
straining. 

The Circulatory and Breathing capacities seldom 
need restraining. When these are in predominance 
over the digestive element, they are attended by 
florid complexion, light hair, and usually blue eyes. 
Persons so constituted, have a sanguine disposition, 
great buoyancy, and heartiness and are good natured 
and kind. This condition is indicated by a prom- 
inent chin, large nostrils and deep chest, full lips, 
large, expressive eyes, fine and soft skin, and small 
hands and feet. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 



15 



mmu^i^.M 



v 



0rtm : «m 




'&r%- 



L 



Fig. 3. 

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 

Vital Temperament. 



16 CHARACTER READING. 

When the Vital Temperament is well marked 
in all respects, it gives good business ability, a de- 
sire for good living and an inclination for occupa- 
tions not requiring hard manual labor. When this 
Temperament is greatly in predominance over the 
others it gives a general tendency to selfishness and 
a strong desire to gratify the appetites and passions. 
MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT: This tempera- 
ment embraces the bones, muscles and fibrous 
tissues of the body and furnishes the motive power 
of man. It gives muscular strength and endur- 
ance, power, force and positiveness of character. 
Consequently its evidence is in large bones, strong, 
wiry muscles, giving prominence and angularity to 
the features and outline of the body. 

This Temperament is subdivided into the Bony 
and the Light or Muscular Motive. In the Bony 
Motive the bones are massive, the joints prominent, 
and the hands and feet large. The cheek bones are 
high, the jaw bone is long, thick and prominent 
and the nose is of the Roman type. The hair and 
skin are usually dark and coarse which is also an 
indication of biliousness. This temperament gives 
great positiveness, force and will power, strong ad- 
herence to principles, either right or wrong, good or 
bad ; earnestness and sincerity of purpose and prac- 
tical mechanical ability ; strong feelings of love and 



PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 



17 




Fig. 4, 

Prominent Jaw Bone and Cheek Bone, showing determination, 

force and power; Angularity of character. 



18 CHARACTER READING. 

hatred. People so constructed are slow to anger, 
but are powerful and vindictive when anger is 
aroused. They are slow to act, but have great ten- 
acity and love to battle with circumstances. This 
Temperament is well represented among the moun- 
taineers and the Indians and people whose environ- 
ment requires the exercise and development of the 
bones and muscles. 

The Light or Muscular Motive expresses great 
activity, muscular and mental concentrativeness. 
People of this Temperament are often impulsive and 
alert. They have unerring ability im fine mechani- 
cal work, and are natural athletes. The}* are not 
usually as tall as those of the Bony Motive, but are 
more symmetrical and refined in appearance. They 
possess great Density of Organic Quality and may 
possess Fineness. The hair may be either light or 
dark, and the eyes are inclined to be dark. People 
of this temperament usually possess large individ- 
uality, make good explorers, and have a general 
roaming disposition. 

When the two elements of the Motive Tempera- 
ment are pretty well balanced, the individual pos- 
sesses characteristics of both. 

MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. As the name 
implies, this refers to the brain and nervous system. 
It gives a large head and small bod}*, pyriform face, 



PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 



19 





Fig. 5. 

J. EDMUND V. COOK, Poet and Reader. 

Decided Mental Temperament ; Large Literary Group. 

delicate, slender hands, small and refined features 
and usually grey eyes. It is usually attended by fine- 
ness of Organic Quality and the whole organization 
is indicative of refinement and delicacy. People 
of this Temperament with fine Organic Quality are 
refined and intellectual ; they love intellectual pur- 
suits, and are finely organized mentally and phys- 
ically. They are thoroughly in harmony with the 



20 CHARACTER READING. 

refined, pure and delicate. They are sensitive, 
intuitive, active, nervous, inclined to overdo and 
exhaust themselves mentally and physically. They 
are artistic, musical, literary and scientific. The 
Mental Temperament accompanied with Fineness 
and Density of Organic Quality is the pinnacle of 
human perfection when sufficiently supported by 
Vital and Motive power ; but if not so supported 
and the Organic Quality is neither fine nor dense, 
the individual is simply useless and helpless. He 
has no muscular capacity, no vitality, and is in- 
capable of using his mentality. 



Temperaments in combination will be consid- 
ered in a subsequent chapter. 



PHYSIOGNOMY. 



This is the art of reading character by the . 
general outline of the body and facial expression. 
As we have seen on the preceding pages, character 
is modified by physiological conditions and Temper- 
aments, which produce different forms and shapes 
of the bod}'. Everything in existence is in harmony 
with all its parts as regards form as well as consti- 
tution, and form is the principle indication of 
character. 

ROUNDNESS is self-protecting and can throw 
off external influences that are detrimental to self- 
interest. Take for example the bear and elephant. 








Fig. 6. 
Dkgrees of Intelligence. 



22 CHARACTER READING. 

This applies equally to human nature and corres- 
ponds to the Vital Temperament, which like a ball 
rolls through life easily. 

BREADTH AND PROMINENCE indicate 
strength, force and determination, and are found in 
the Motive Temperament. Take for example the 
Roman nose, the broad and heavy jaw bone and 
large joints, as indicating prominence. 

SHARPNESS of form and feature gives a 
penetrating character and inquisitiveness. An in- 
dividual with sharp nose and chin and a sharp and 
angular form is usually active, alert, and when 
perverted, meddling and over curious. 

The mouth is very expressive of character. 
When the mouth is very large and ill-formed, it 
indicates coarseness and ignorance, but when large 
and symmetrical in form it indicates breadth of 
character, kindness and flexibility. Thick lips 
indicate strong affections, and when accompanied 
with a coarse organization, sensuality. Very thin 
lips indicate a hard, cold nature and critical in- 
tellectuality. 

There are magnetic poles in the face communi- 
cating with every Phrenological organ as well as 
with every vital organ. Hence the facial signs in- 
dicating character. For example, the magnetic pole 
of the digestive organs is located in the cheeks. 



PHYSIOGNOMY. 23 

Deficiency in this vital function is marked by de- 
pressed or hollow cheeks. The pole of the heart is 
situated in the chin, giving prominence to this part, 
when the circulation is strong. When the circulation 
is deficient, you will find a small receding chin. 
The pole for Self-esteem is located upward from the 
corners of the lips toward the nostrils, giving fullness 
to this region. The pole for Approbatiyeness is 
located upward and outward from the corners of the 
lips, and may be seen in the approbative smile, which 
draws the corners of the mouth upward and outward. 
The pole for Spirituality is located in the outer 
third of the upper lip, giving fullness to that region 
when that faculty is large or active. The pole for 
Firmness is located in the center of the upper lip 
giving length and prominence to the middle of the 
lip. The pole for Acquisitiveness is located on each 
side of the middle portion of the nose, giving breadth 
to this region in individuals of the acquiring instinct. 
It may be inferred that these signs are more in- 
dicative of tendencies than capacities, as they are. 
changed with every mood. 

The mode of shaking hands, the walk, the 
laugh, the tone of voice, the expression, and in fact 
every action is indicative of character. These will 
be dealt with at greater length in subsequent 
chapters. 



24 



CHARACTER READING. 




Fig. 7. — Natural Groups of Organ; 
See opposite page./ 



BRAIN FACULTIES. 



25 



Animal Propensities, 

Social Propensities, 
Personal Sentiments. 

Perceptives, 

Literary Group, 

Reasoning Group, 
Perfecting Group, 



Social Sentiments, 
or Social Conforming Group, 



Moral Sentiments, 



f Alimentiveness, 
| Destructiveness, 
j Vitativeness, 
j Combativeness, 
| Secretiveness, 
(_ Acquisitiveness. 

f Amativeness, 

| Conjugality, 

J Philoprogenitiveness 

| Inhabitiveness. 

[ Friendship. 

f Continuity, 
| Self Esteem, 
-j Firmness, 
| Approbativeness, 
! Caution. 

f Individuality, 
| Form, 
| Size, 
■{ Weight, 

Color, 
I Order, 
[ Calculation. 

f Eventuality, 
I Locality, 
-{ Language, 
I Time, 
[Tune. 

/ Comparison, 
\ Causality. 

( Constructiveness, 
\ Ideality, 
(Sublimity. 

f Human Nature, 
j Imitation, 
j Agreeableness, 
[ Mirthfulness. 

(Benevolence, 

I Veneration, 

\ Spirituality, 

I Hope, 

[ Conscientiousness. 



GROUPING OF THE BRAIN FACULTIES 



If we pass an imaginary line through the head 
from the opening of one ear to the opening of the 
other, we will find, at a point equadistant from the 
opening of the ears, the Medulla Oblongata, or the 




Mt4*ll*. Oblorijtfn, 



Longitudinal section of Human Brain showing radiation of the Brain 

Fibers from the Medulla to the convolutions of the 

Cerebellum and Cerebrum. 



BRAIN FACULTIES. 27 

head of the spinal cord. From this point the brain 
fibers develop in every direction except downward. 
There are forty-two individual organs in the 
human brain, through which mentality is expressed; 
any one of which may work in harmony with any 
or all of the others, but Nature has so arranged 
these organs that those which express tendencies 
much in common with each other, or which depend 
most upon each other for their mutual development 
or restraint, lie near together, and for simplicity in 
study, we shall first consider the general tendencies 
in character, expressed by the natural grouping. 
The brain is divided into two lateral hemispheres 
by a longitudinal fissure, thus making each phreno- 




Fig. 9. 
Wide Head showing strong Animal Propensities. 



28 CHARACTER READING. 

logical organ double. The Cerebellum is that por- 
tion which is located in the base of the occipital 
region. Its average weight in the male is about 
five ounces. It attains its maximum weight be- 
tween the ages of twenty-five and forty years. 
Its increase in weight after the fourteenth 3'ear is 
relatively greater in the female than in the male. 

There are nine natural groups of Phrenological 
organs. 

First, the "Selfish Propensities," whose prime 
mission is simply to maintain and protect self. 
These organs are situated immediately above and 
backward and forward from the opening of the ears, 
and are the first mental organs developed by animal 
life. We have this group in common with all 
animals. The snake, lizzard, cat-fish and other low 
forms of animal life have little other brain than this. 
The brain of the snake is all located arornd and 
about the ears, making the head very wide in 
comparison with the height. 

Second. Located in the lower back head, are 
the Social Propensities which make up the Domestic 
Group. This group gives, as the name implies, 
interest in and love for others beside self ; also love 
of home. Some of the organs in this group are 
possessed by all animals and some we possess only 
in common with the higher animals. 



BRAIN FACULTIES. 



29 







Fig. io. 

Large Personal Sentiments, Large Moral Organs, 

rather small Perceptives. 



Third are the Personal Sentiments, which give 
self-love, care, prudence and thought for self; Self- 
application, dignity, stability of character and desire 
for appreciation. This group is located in the 
crown of the head. 



30 



CHARACTER READING. 




Fig. ii. 
EDWIN BOOTH. 
Large Perfecting- Organs. Great Density of 
Organic Quality. Large Literary Group, 
Especially Language. 



Fourth, is the " Perfecting Group," which 
gives refinement, love of perfection, love of beauty, 
delicac}' and grandeur, and desire to create these. 
It also gives ingenuity and ability to construct, and 
is located upward and forward from the Selfish Pro- 
pensities. 



BRAIN FACULTIES. 



31 




Fig. 12. 
Large Perceptives. Rather Small Personal Sentiments. 

Fifth, is the "Perceptive or Observing Group," 
which is located in the lower part of the forehead, 
above and forward and backward of the eyes, on 
the supercilliary ridge. These organs take cogni- 



32 



CHARACTER READING. 



zance of things and qualities that may be perceived, 
and give a tendency for fact gathering and practical 
knowledge. 

Sixth, is the "Literary Group," located just 
above the Perceptive Group and extending from 
temple to temple. This group gives musical, 
literary and elocutionary ability. (See Figs. 5 and 11) 




Fig. 13. 

Vital-Mental Temperament. I^arge Reasoning 

Organs. 



BRAIN FACULTIES. 33 

Seventh, is the "Reasoning Group," which is 
located in the upper central portion of the forehead. 
It gives a critical, reasoning, planing, day-dreaming 
tendency ; ability to reason by comparison or from 
cause to effect and general philosophical ability. 
(See Fig. 13). 




Fig. 14. 

HIRAM F. BUTTER. 
Very Fine Organization. Large Social Con- 
forming Group. 

Eighth, is the "Social Conforming Group," 
relating to Social Sentiments. This group, as its 
name implies, gives a tendency to conform to hu- 
man and social usages. Gives ability to judge 
human nature and to comply with social require- 



3 4 CHARACTER READING. 

ments. It gives intuition, suavity, humor, wit r 
sprightliness, adaptiveness and imitative ability. It 
is located in the upper forehead, above and to either 
side of the Reasoning Group. 

Ninth. This group constitutes the " Moral 
and Religious Sentiments." (See Fig. 10.) It 
gives the desire for right and justice. Gives integ- 
rity, uprightness, faith, trust and sometimes 
credulity ; gives sympathy, kindness and a hopeful y 
worshipful, respectful disposition. It is located in 
the immediate top-head. 




Fig. 15. 
Symbolic Head showing location of the organs. 

Explanation of the Organs. 

Amativeness. — Love of opposite sex. 

Conjugality. — Love of one for a companion. 

Parental Love,(Philoprogenitiveness). — Love for offspring 

and fondness for pets. 
Inhabitiveness. — Love of home and country. 



36 CHARACTER READING. 

Friendship.— Social feeling. Love of friends and relatives. 

Vitativeness.— Love of life or existence. 

Destructiveness. — Force, power and executiveness, 

Combativeness.— Energy, defense, love of debate, courage. 

Secretiveness.— Policy, slyness, cunning. 

Acquisitiveness.— Economy, desire to possess. 

Alimentiveness. — Appetite, desire for food and drink. 

Caution. — Fear, carefulness, timidity. 

Continuity. — Self-application, connectedness, ability to stick 
to one thing. 

Self Esteem.— Dignity, independence and self respect. 

Approbativeness. — Desire for praise, love of display, desire 
for popularity. 

Firmness. — Determination, stability, decision. 

Conscientiousness. — Sense of justice and duty ; integrity. 

Hope. — Expectation, buoyancy and faith in the future. 

Spirituality. — Credulity, intuition, premonition. 

Veneration. — Reverence, respect for superiors and authority. 

Benevolence. — Philanthropy, charity, kindness, sympathy. 

Sublimity. — Sense of the terrific, love of grandeur, tendency 
to exaggeration. 

Ideality. — Taste, love of the exquisite. 

Constructiveness. — Mechanical ability, desire to make, 
build; ability to construct. 

Imitation.— Copying, mimicry. 
Agreeableness. — Affability, suavity, blanduess. 
Mirthfulness. — Sense of humor, wit, love of fun. 

Human Natnre. — Intuitive judgment of character and 

human motives. 
Causality. — Planning; application of cause to effect. 
Comparison. — Illustration, analysis. 
Eventuality.— Memory of facts, love of history. 
Locality.— Memory of place and position; love of travel and 

exploration. 
Time. — Periodicity, punctuality, rhythm, cognizance of 

duration. 
Tune. — Love of music, sense of harmony, modulation. 
Language. — Expression, gesture, vocabulary. 
Individuality, — Curiosity, observation, fact gathering. 
Form. — Configuration, memory of shape and contour. 
Size. — Conception of proportion and quantity. 
Weight. — Sense of gravity; balancing, muscular control. 
Color. — Sense of harmony and contrast in color and shade. 
Order.— Method of arrangement. 
Calculation. — Enumeration, mental arithmetic. 



SELFISH PROPENSITIES OR ANIMAL GROUP. 



This group is made, up of six organs, which 
are, in their order of arrangement, Alimentiveness, 
Lestructiveness, Vitativeness, Combativeness, Se- 
cretiveness and Acquisitiveness. 

ALIMENTIVENESS is situated just forward 
from the upper half of the ear, and when large gives 
width to the head just forward of the ears. When 
small the head is narrow at this point. Very large 
Alimentiveness gives great relish for food, keen 
appetite, disposition to eat more than is consistent 
with health, and tends toward gluttony, gormand_ 
izing and high living; gives a tendency of living to 
gratify appetite; to pay great attention to good 
living and gives good natural ability in cooking and 
preparing foods. When small, the tendency is to 
forget meal time ; to pay little attention to feeding 
the body, to lack appetite and to eat with little or no 
relish ; and to enjoy meals only when other condi- 
tions are favorable. If the forward part of this 
organ is large there is a desire for liquid food, love 
of water, tendency to excessive drinking and love 
of bathing, sailing and swimming. If very small, 



38 CHARACTER READING. 

there is an unqualified aversion for liquid foods and 
drinking and strong dislike for bathing, boating, 
swimming and all water sports. 

DESTRUCTIVENESS. This organ is located 
immediately above the ears, and when very large 
gives great width to the head above the ears, and 
sometimes makes the ears stand out very promi- 
nently. When very small the head is much narrower 
at and above the ears. Destructiveness, when very 
large, gives wonderful executiveness, cold-blooded 
severity, sternness, harshness, malice, revenge and 
the disposition to overcome obstacles by extermina- 
tion if necessary to further interest ; disposition to 
break, crush, tear down and walk right through 
difficulties, and gives ability to inflict and endure 
pain and hardship. It is morose, sullen and slow 
to action, but when aroused is the most forceful and 
vindictive organ in the human brain, and will de- 
stroy whatever impedes progress ; will carry its 
point anyhow, whatever may be the consequences. 
Gives love of hunting, bull-fighting and all sports 
in which death, force and extermination are ele- 
ments. 

" She loved the games men played with death, 
Where death must win. 

As though the slain man's blood and breath 
Revived Faustine." 



SELFISH PROPENSITIES. 39 

It gives a tendency for killing plants, insects 
and animals ; for breaking, tearing and destroying 
things generally. When very small there is aver- 
sion to inflicting and enduring pain and seeing evi- 
dences of suffering and pain ; lack of force, lack of 
executiveness and lack of energy of character. 

VITATIVENESS. This organ is located back 
of the mastoid process or bony protuberance just 
behind the ear, and when large gives width to the 
head at this point and like Destructivenes makes 
the ears stand out. When very small the reverse 
is true. When Yitativeness is very large there is 
great tenacity of life, love of existence, dread of 
annihilation, and clinging tenacity to life for its own 
sake ; it makes one shrink from and struggle against 
death and disease with the utmost desperation ; 
makes one struggle resolutely and often successfully 
through long fits of sickness, and not give up to die 
unless absolutely compelled to do so ; makes one 
love animal existence and desire immortality or 
existence after death and shudder at the thought 
that death might mean annihilation. Gives great 
love of existence in all its forms; gives interest in 
life of plants, insects and animals. When small the 
individual places little value on existence, has little 
or no dread of death, and will make very little effort 
to overcome disease or ward off death ; is apt to 



40 CHARACTER READING. 

think existence is a high price to pay for the little 
enjojmient he gets out of living. 

COMBATIVENESS is located backward from 
the upper half of the ear, and when large gives 
width and fulness to the head at this point. When 
small the head is narrow here. The tendency of 
Combativeness large is love of opposition, debate, 
antagonism for the sake of antagonism, defence, 
defiance, boldness, courage, spirit, desire for quarrel, 
encounter and combat, love of contention and haz- 
zard ; it gives dash, valor and lack of discretion in 
danger ; makes one fool-hardy, quick-tempered and 
easily nettled, quick to act in danger, ready for 
emergencies, nervy, bold and fear-less. When this 
organ is very small, the individual is inert, ineffi- 
cient and lacking in energy and resistence. 

SECRETIVENESS is located just upward 
from Destructiveness and forward of Combativeness. 
When large it gives width to the head at a point 
about an inch and a half or two inches above the 
top of the ear and slightly backward from it. When 
small the head is narrow at this point. When the 
organ of secretiveness is very large it tends to hide 
the feelings and emotions or to misrepresent them ; 
gives policy, hypocracy, cunning, plausibility, du- 
plicity, double dealing, lying, deception and all 
kinds of false pretensions. It gives a tricky, foxy, 



SELFISH PROPENSITIES. 41 

double dealing, dishonest nature, and covers up and 
hides real motives and pretends motives that are 
false. Gives strategem and desire to appear what 
one is not ; makes one guarded, politic, shrewd, 
evasive and distrustful of others. When small, the 
individual is open, frank, truthful, trustful, un- 
equivocal, unguarded in expression and over com- 
municative, regardless of consequences ; too spon- 
taneous, and does not suppress the out-gushings of 
feeling or intellect. 

ACQUISITIVENESS. This organ is located 
upward and forward from the ear, just above 
Destructiveness and Alimentiveness and just for- 
ward of Secretiveness. When large it gives width 
to the head forward and upward from the ear, and 
when small the head is narrow at this point. When 
the organ is very large, it gives strong economy, 
frugality, love of trading, and accumulating and 
amassing property, and a miserly, mercenary, 
grasping, close-fisted penuriousness. It gives a 
tendency to lay up a surplus, and wastes nothing. 
Gives love of one's own property, sense of posses- 
sion — the mine and thine feeling ; gives desire to be 
rich, eagerness after wealth, close dealing, and 
makes one set high value on one's own property 
when selling, and underestimate the property of 
others when buying. When small the tendency is 



42 CHARACTER READING. 

to set little value on money and property, and 
forget the rainy day. It gives wastefulness of 
money, time and property. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each organ as 
very small. These tendencies are modified by worki)ig 
in combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Temper a- 
menty Activity and the relative size of the orga?i. 



'SOCIAL PROPENSITIES," OR DOMESTIC GROUP., 



This group contains five organs, Amativeness, 
Conjugality, Parental Iyove, Inhabitiveness and 
Friendship. Amativeness occupies the Cerebel- 
lum, hence is located in the base of the brain in 
the immediate back-head and to either side of the 
median line. When the organ is large the back- 
head is broad and full, and the neck is usually 
thick. When small, the lower back-head is de- 
ficient. The lips will usually be found to be thick 
and when the organ is active the lips will be quite 
red. A prominent chin is frequently cited by 
Phrenologists as a physiognomical sign of large 
Amativeness, but is true only in this sense: the 
chin is the pole of the heart and when the chin is 
broad and prominent, it indicates excellent circu- 
lation ; good circulation gives ardor and warmth of 
feeling and strengthens any and all of the life 
functions. 

AMATIVENESS gives love between the sexes 
and there is no organ in the human brain that is 
such a director of action of all the mental faculties. 
As has been previously stated, it occupies almost 
the entire cerebellum, thus illustrating the import- 
ance Nature attributes to this organ. 



44 CHARACTER READING. 

When this organ is very large, it gives great 
admiration, devotion and fondness for the opposite 
sex, as a class or individually ; makes the female 
inexpressibly winning, attractive, agreeable, tender, 
clinging, feminine and affectionate to the opposite 
sex ; makes her depend upon them for advice, 
protection and counsel ; makes her pliable, sweet 
tempered and obliging to gentlemen, and gives the 
desire and abitity to win and reciprocate love ; 
makes her treat the opposite sex as if they were 
superior beings and to literally idolize them. 
It makes man noble in sentiment and feeling re- 
garding women ; makes him gallant, persuasive, 
courteous and highly susceptible to female charms ; 
gives passionate fondness for the society of ladies, 
makes him dignified and manly in bearing, and 
gives the desire to care for, protect and defend the 
opposite sex, and makes him consider them too 
tender and delicately organized to battle with the 
world without masculine help ; makes him solicitous 
for their welfare and happiness ; anxious to bestow 
and solicit love, and very affectionate to ladies. 
He grants them every perfection of character and 
almost worships the feminine creation. When this 
organ is very small in woman, she is repulsive 
to the opposite sex, and she cares little for them. 
She objects to and resents masculine assistance 



SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. 45 

or interference, and cares little for the society of 
gentlemen. It has quite the same effect in men, 
and they have very little influence over the opposite 
sex. This organ is never found small in a man of 
superior physical development or seldom in one 
with excellent intellectuality. 

CONJUGALITY is located just upward from 
the middle part of Amativeness and just backward 
from the lower part of Combativeness. When 
large, the back-head extends back to considerable 
distance from the opening of the ear to this point. 
When the organ is small the distance from the 
opening of the ear is much less and there is often 
a marked depression and narrowness of the head 
here. It is the mating instinct. Its tendency is 
union for life, and when very large all the love 
feelings are centered on the one individual who is 
invested with all the perfection of character of the 
sex as a class. It gives constancy in love and the 
desire for marriage. Makes one cherish the tokens 
of regard received from the loved one and remember 
the very looks and expressions and words of the 
one beloved as sacred reminescences. Gives loving 
devotion and regard for the one. It renders the 
individual heart-broken and he refuses to be com- 
forted when unable to win the affection of the 
companion he desires, and he is inconsolable on 



46 CHARACTER READING. 

losing the companion by death. 

"She is far from the land where her young 

hero sleeps, 
And lovers around her are sighing ; 

But coldly she turns from their gaze and weeps, 
For her heart in his grave is lying." 

When this organ is very small the individual 
lacks constancy in love and marriage and has little 
regard for the sacredness of the marriage relation ; 
cannot center love on one individual and does not 
wish to be tied down for life to one person for 
companionship. In fact, regards marriage as a 
restraint and yoke. 

PARENTAL LOVE is located just above the 
occipital spine or bony protuberance just above the 
middle part of Amativeness. When the organ is 
large the back-head at and above the occipital pro- 
tuberance extends back considerable distance from 
the opening of the ears. In estimating the strength 
of this organ, temperament must be taken into 
consideration. For instance in the Bony Motive 
Temperament we would find all the bony processes 
large and prominent and should remember this in 
estimating the strength of Parental Love. W 7 hen 
the organ is small the head is more flat here and 
does not extend back so far from the opening of the 
ear. The function of this organ is to give love for 



SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. 47 

off-spring and solicitous watchfulness and care for 
them. When Parental Love is very large, it gives 
idolatrous love for ones own children and may give 
a tendency to over-indulgence and leniency to faults 
or inability to discover faults in children. It also 
gives gentleness, tenderness and fondness for every- 
thing that is young and helpless, for animals, 
pets and especially for the young of animals. Its 
mission is the sacred one of caring for the helpless. 
It gives great kindness and sympathy and help- 
fulness for the aged and invalid. It is the tendency 
of those who have this organ large to speak in 
diminutives in addressing children or those loved. 
It renders the manner and tone and voice soft, en- 
dearing, persuasive, tender and encouraging. It 
gives patience with frailty. When the organ is 
very small, the individual has strong dislike for 
children and pets, and does not want to be bothered 
with the care and trouble of attending to them. If 
they do care for children at all, it is for some 
virtuous qualities that the children may possess, 
and not because they are children. 

INHABITIVENESS. This organ is located 
just upward from Parental Love and to either side 
of the median line. When the organ is very large 
it makes the back-head very prominent and full at 
this point and when very small the head is quite 



48 CHARACTER READING. 

flat here. When very large it gives great love of 
home, strong desire for a permanent home and 
lasting attachment to place of birth ; strong 
patriotism for native town and country. It centers 
the interests in the home and gives the tendency to 
be as much as possible at home. It gives a great 
interest in city, state and national affairs. 

An individual with this organ very large takes 
great pleasure in fixing up the home and making 
improvements, in planing houses, and notices the 
most minute details that would effect the perfect 
arrangement of the home. He takes the most 
pleasure out of entertainment that may be had at 
home, and it must be something very attractive 
that would take him away from home. When 
away from home he longs to return, and some- 
times gets mentally and physically sick and des- 
pondent through longing to see the home place. 
When this organ is very small, the individual takes 
little interest in the home and is seldom to be found 
there and can feel at home wherever he happens to 
be. 

FRIENDSHIP is situated just forward from 
the middle part of Inhabitiveness and just above 
Conjugality. W T hen very large it gives width to 
the back-head at this point, also fullness and when 
very small there is a marked depression. When 



SOCIAL PROPENSITIES. 49 

very large the individual is exceedingly social in 
tendency : is fond of family and family ties and has 
much more enjoyment out of everything he may 
share with others ; has a tendency to share joys and 
sorrows with those in whom he has confidence. 
It gives strong attachment for all who are congenial 
and regard for and interest in humanity in general. 
Will make companions easily, love society and have 
very strong friendly impulses. It gives the desire 
to associate freely with others and makes one very 
susceptible to social influences ; gives the desire to 
congregate, to entertain and visit friends, to work 
in community and in concert with others. Some- 
times forms attachments for those who are unworthy. 
When very small the individual is out of harmony 
with lodges, crowds and society ; is bored by being 
placed in a position where he must assume social 
duties; does not like society and can get along with- 
out friends. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each orga?i as 
very small. These te?ide?icies are modified by work- 
ing in combination with every other organ in the 
brai?i. They are also modified by Organic Quality, 
Te7nperament, Activity and the relative size of the 
organ. 



PERSONAL SENTIMENTS. 



The Personal Sentiments occupy the back part 
of the top head. They are five in number : Conti- 
nuity, Self Esteem, Firmness, Approbativeness and 
Caution. 

CONTINUITY is located just above Inhabit- 
iveness and just backward from the upper part of 
Friendship. When very large the head is full and 
the distance from the opening of the ear to this 
point is considerable. When small the distance is 
less and the head is flat here and sometimes quite 
depressed. When Continuity is very large the in- 
dividual is very fond of connected application to a 
point of completion in whatever he undertakes ; is 
very much annoyed by disturbances of any kind 
that interfere with continuance of plans. It gives 
a tendency to elaboration and completeness and 
tediousness ; to hate variety and change and the 
idea of just becoming accustomed to a thing as it 
goes out of style or becomes obsolete. Gives 
" stick-to-it-ive-ness " to a remarkable and exceed- 
ingly tiresome degree. The tendency is to adhere to 
principles and avocations through life and to enjoy 
strict adherence to one thing at a time until entire- 
ly completed. It gives a strong desire for thorough 



PERSONAL SENTIMENTS. 51 

self-application, hates to leave a task unfinished^ 
tends to start one thing at a time, and to consider 
now as the time to finish. It also gives close atten- 
tion to detail. When very small, the tendency is to 
stay with one thing only so long as it is agreeable ; 
to desire to do many things at the same time ; to 
easily be attracted to new duties ; to be versatile, 
restless under assigned tasks that must be finished 
in limited length of time and to leave many 
things unfinished. 

SELF ESTEEM. The organ of Self Esteem 
is located just at and below the crown of the head 
and when very large the head is high and full and 
prominent at the crown and the development ex- 
tends downward. When very small there is quite a 
marked depression amounting to a cavity some- 
times. When the organ of Self Esteem is very 
large the individual is dignified and upright in 
carriage, throwing the head well upward and back- 
ward in the direction of this organ. " He carries 
his head too high " is often said of those in whom 
this organ is prominent. It gives unswerving confi- 
dence in self and self abilities ; great self-reliance and 
great independence of character and pride for self ; 
gives strong feeling of respect for self. The indi- 
vidual so endowed will think many things too far 
beneath his dignity or intelligence to even consider; 



52 CHARACTER READING. 

resents every approach to familiarity or intimacy. 
It sometimes manifests itself by excessive pride, for- 
wardness and insatiable love of power. 

" My castles are my King's alone. 

The hand of Douglas is his own ; 

And never shall in friendly grasp 

The hand of such as Marmion clasp. 

Burned Marmion' s swarthy cheek like fire, 

And shook his very soul with ire. 

And this to me ? he said. 

And if thou saidst I am not peer 

To any Lord in Scotland here, 

Highland or Lowland — far or near, 

Lord Angus, thou hast lied." 

It often over- values self above capacities and 
endowments and gives a desire for self prominence 
and power and a tendency to rule. The individual 
with large Self Esteem thinks he is just perfect 
and knows all that is worth while for a human 
being to know, and if you do not appreciate him- 
it shows lack of ability to understand superiority on 
your part and you are the loser. Your opinion is 
not worth much. When the organ is very small 
there is too much deference, humility, dependence 
and servility. The individual places too low a 
valuation on self and his own abilities ; has too 



PERSONAL SENTIMENTS. 53 

little respect for self ; too little reliance upon self 
and asks advice instead of depending upon self. 

FIRMNESS is located just forward and up- 
ward from the crown of the head and from Self Es- 
teem and to either side of the median line. When 
very large the head rises exceedingly high just for- 
ward from the crown and there is a marked promi- 
nence at this point. The lines in the middle part 
of the upper lip are long and straight and the whole 
upper lip is long and prominent. The neck is also 
stiff and straight and the bones of the neck are 
large and strong. When the organ is very small 
the head slopes gently back toward the crown and 
the distance from the opening of the ear to this 
point is very short. W T hen this organ is very large, 
it gives great steadfastness to principle and charac- 
ter ; positive stability of character, perseverance and 
determination to carry out any line of conduct re- 
gardless of consequences ; gives absolute stubborn- 
ness against resistance ; strong aversion to change 
of mind, and tendency to never yield to reason or 
entreaty through opposition unless fully convicted 
of being in the wrong ; gives tendency to stick to 
decisions whether right or wrong, reasonable or 
unreasonable, and refuse to consider or investigate, 
where there is a probability of finding itself mis- 
taken. 



54 CHARACTER READING. 

' ' We will fight it out on this Hue if it takes all 
summer.'' 
It makes one obstinate, unyielding and over-posi- 
tive ; gives great decision of character and decision 
of step in walking ; sets the heel down hard. When 
the organ is very small there is little stability of 
character and little ability to adhere to principle. 
The individual is hesitating, wavering and uncer- 
tain in decisions and actions. 

APPROBATIVENESS is located in the upper 
back head to either side of Self Esteem and upward 
from the Social Group. When very large the head 
is quite broad at the crown and high and full at 
either side of Self Esteem from the opening of the 
ear. When very small the distance from the open- 
ing of the ear is much less and the head rounds 
from the crown toward the ear and is sometimes 
depressed at this organ. When very large it gives 
strong ambition and desire to excell in whatever is 
undertaken ; to win the commendation of humanity 
for superiority and excellence in accomplishment of 
undertakings ; gives insatiable love of praise and 
approval, flattery and encouragement and excessive 
sensitiveness to harshness, unkindness and disap- 
proval. One goal is no more than attained before 
the ambitions have leaped into something more 
nearly unattainable. 



PERSONAL SENTIMENES. 55 

''Alexander wept because there were no more 
worlds to conquer." It seeks admiration, causes 
vanity and love for display ; and gives the desire to 
live for glory. It draws the lip upward and back- 
ward in smiling and laughing. A fine illustration 
of this may be seen in the negro who has excessive 
love of praise, and the teeth are almost always 
exposed by the lips being drawn back in an appro- 
bative smile. The French also have large Appro- 
bativeness as may be seen by their peculiar smile. 
This organ when large causes embarassment 
without reason. When very small it gives careless 
indifference regarding what others think ; is indif- 
ferent to public opinion and praise and blame ; 
ambitionless and reckless regarding reputation. 

CAUTION is located just toward the ear from 
Approbativeness and upward and forward from 
Friendship and just above Secretiveness. When 
very large the top head is exceedingly broad at the 
back and is full and angular at the turn where 
Caution is located. When very small there is a 
gradual slope of the head at this point toward the 
ears. Very large caution gives excessive watch- 
fulness for and forboding of danger ; is always on 
the lookout for disaster and misfortune ; borrows 
trouble and is constantly providing against danger. 
It gives prudence, care for self first and self-interests, 



56 CHARACTER READING. 

but is constantly on the lookout for something to go 
wrong with others as well as self. It is afraid 
burglars will break in or the house will catch fire ; 
afraid to go out for fear it will rain ; afraid to stay 
at home alone for fear of molestation ; it is afraid 
necessarily and unnecessarily and is constantly on 
guard. Not being an intellectual organ, it cannot 
distinguish appropriate times for anticipation of 
danger but is constantly on the alert to discover it. 
When very small the individual is reckless and 
careless of danger and indiscreet to a fool-hardy 
degree ; courts danger and has no sense of fear. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each organ as 
very small. These te?idencies are modified by workhig 
in combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Orga?iic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity a?id the relative size of the orga?i. 



THE PERFECTING GROUP. 



There are three organs in this group- Sub- 
limity, Ideality and Constructiveness. 

SUBLIMITY is located just forward from Cau- 
tion and just upward from Acquisitiveness. When 
the organ is very large, there is great width and full- 
ness to the head at this point and when very small 
the opposite is true. Very large Sublimity gives 
extravagant love of grandeur, the sublime, awful, 
tragic and magnificent in nature, art, literature and 
music. Gives strong feeling of sympathy with the 
mighty and terrific evidences of force and power, 
which nature shows in storm and tempest. Longs 
for knowledge of the infinite, the boundless, end- 
less and wonderful. Those in whom it is large 
keenly enjoy the vastness of mountain and ocean 
scenery, the roar of cataract and noise of battle, the 
awfulness of thunderstorm and everything on a 
magnificent and stupenduous scale. It leads to ex- 
travagant language in description, sometimes far 
beyond truth and gives the tendency to prevaricate 
for the sake of effect and grandeur of expression. 
When the organ is very small there is little sense of 
feeling for the sublime, magnificent and tragic and 



58 CHARACTER READING. 

sometimes there is a positive aversion to these 
things. 

IDEALITY is located just forward from Sub- 
limity and when very large gives great breadth to 
the front top-head and great fullness to this region. 
When very small the top-head is much more narrow 
and slopes gently dowm. When Ideality is very 
large it gives the most sensitive refinement of 
manner, character and feeling; insatiable love of 
perfection, intense admiration for the minute, deli- 
cate, artistic and poetic. It delights in the con- 
templation of the intricately perfect and elegant, 
the delicately beautiful. It invests everything with 
a certain touch of delicate perfection. 

It causes fastidiousness, excessive love for the 
beautiful and extreme dislike for the homely, prosaic 
things of every day life. Hates everything coarse 
or vulgar and is instinctively in sympathy wdth the 
pure, the cleanly, elegant, beautiful and perfect. 
It is passionately fond of poetry and music in which 
sentiment abounds. Loves the fairy, airy, dainty, 
fragile, angelic, sensitive and sentimental in nature, 
art, music, literature and sculpture and gives a 
strong sentimental tendency. When very small 
these tendencies are lacking in the character and 
the individual will tolerate and enjoy much that 
is low and coarse and will think many of the poetic, 



THE PERFECTING GROUP. 59 

artistic productions, polite manners and evidences 
of refinement simply sickly sentimentality and mere 
bosh. 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS is located just down- 
ward from Ideality and just forward from Acquis- 
itiveness. When very large the head is exceedingly 
wide at this point and when very small is corres- 
pondingly narrow. When Constructiveness is very 
large it gives excessive love for tools and manufact- 
uring machinery and great desire to build, make 
and construct whatever the rest of the mentality 
may enjoy or need. It gives ability to handle 
materials and tools and the desire to reconstruct 
raw materials into produce. It gives love of the 
mechanical and of mechanical principles ; extraor- 
dinary mechanical ability and great ingenuity for 
making anything. The individual is very dextrous 
with the hands and with tools and likes to tinker, 
invent and fix up things. Also to improve the 
mechanical contrivances of others. It is the mental 
mechanic and cannot work alone. Later we shall 
consider the organs with which it works and show 
its uses and the organs it depends upon to decide 
what it shall construct and what material it shall 
use. It is simply the building instinct which we 
enjoy in common with the beaver, ant, bee and 
bird. When this organ is very small the tendency 



60 CHARACTER READING. 

is reversed. There is little or no desire to build 
and a strong preference for the already constructed 
article ; great annoyance at the necessity of con- 
structing or fixing over the most simple thing. 

We have give?i the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each organ as 
very small. These te?idencies are modified by working 
in combination with every other organ in the brai?i. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity a?id the relative size of the organ. 



THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 



Temperament must be taken into account when 
considering this group of organs. In the Bony 
Motive Temperament the Superciliary ridge (see 
Fig. 16) is more prominent than in an} T other tem- 
perament and estimates must be made accordingly. 
There are seven organs in the Perceptive group : 
Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order 
and Calculation. 

INDIVIDUALITY is located at the center of 
the lower forehead on the Superciliary ridge just 
above the root of the nose. When very large the 
forehead projects at this point and there is a marked 
fullness and great distance from the opening of the 
ears. When very small there is sometimes a con- 
spicuous depression and the distance from the brain 
center is much less. It takes cognizance of indi- 
vidual things as such and when very large gives a 
tendency to observe the most minute details of 
everything seen; to examine with nicety everything 
and every part of it. Gives insatiable desire to see 
and to know all about everyone and everything, 
excessive curiosity, and causes those who possess it 
thus to stare at everyone and everything and indi_ 



62 CHARACTER READING. 

vidualize and particularize and divide up and differ- 
entiate, in the most minute detail ; to ask questions 
about each particular part of a thing. It makes 
people over-curious sometimes to the point of impu- 
dence. Gives quickness of perception and great 
inquisitiveness. When very small there is little 
tendency to notice what is happening or what might 
be seen. Only sees what is thrust before one. In- 
dividuality is simply the desire to see, to individual- 
ize, to particularize and is the gateway through 
which the brain gathers facts. 

FORM is not an external organ but is located 
just above the root of the nose, just below and 
backward from Individuality and between the Supra 
orbital plates. .When very large it presses the eye- 
sockets wide apart, giving great width between the 
eyes, and when very small the eyes are near 
together. When Form is very large the individual 
takes cognizance of the shapes and forms of every- 
thing he sees, is interested in studying the compar- 
ative forms of things, in architecture, sculpture and 
nature. Notices all things by their conformation, 
distinguishes kinds of trees by their shapes, re- 
members the forms and faces of those once met. It 
gives ability in drawing, cutting designing, decorat- 
ing and anything where shaping things by the eye 
is involved. Those who have this organ very 



THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 63 

small, have little ability- to detect family resemblances 
in the human family or in species of animals or 
plants, have little interest in the configuration of 
things and little ability to reproduce their shapes. 

SIZE is located at the internal arch of the eye- 
brow on the Superciliary ridge and just above and 
outward from Form. When very large it gives 
prominence to the brow at this point and when very 
small the opposite is true. When the organ of Size 
is very large it gives excellent ability to determine 
volume, proportion and magnitude, to appreciate 
the slightest variation from accuracy in size and 
proportion ; to estimate the dimension of things and 
relative distances. Two objects may be the same 
in form, as two grains of wheat ; if they vary the 
least in bulk, Size will detect it. The individual 
can tell whether a glove or shoe be of the correct 
size without trying it on. Can estimate distance 
correctly without measurement. Knows the length, 
breadth or thickness of objects without measurement. 
When the organ is very small the individual has 
little ability at estimating the measurements and 
sizes of objects and has little or no conception of 
distance. 

WEIGHT is located just next to Size toward 
the external angle of the e3^e-brow and when very 
large gives prominence to the brow at a point above 



U CHARACTER READING. 

the inner part of the eye-ball. When very small 
there is a slight depression here or lack of fullness. 
When the organ of Weight is very large it gives 
intuitive s} 7 mpathy with the laws of gravitation, 
great control over the muscular S3 T stem, regarding 
preservation of equilibrium, excellent poise in bal- 
ancing on a tight rope or any narrow or small 
space. Gives great ability in skating, dancing, 
rowing, swimming, horseback-riding and any exer- 
cise requiring poise and balance. The individual 
can plumb anything without measurement. Can 
correctly estimate perpendiculars and levels by the 
eye. Can so direct a stone, arrow or gun as to hit a 
mark w T ith almost unerring ability. It gives great 
love- of balancing, dancing, shooting, etc. Gives ac- 
curate judgment of weights of things and tendency 
to seldom depend on scales but rather on innate 
ability. Gives ability to compound things correctly 
without weighing them. When the organ is very 
small there is little ability in these directions and 
exceedingly poor judgment of weights. The indi- 
vidual has difficulty in keeping upright on sleety 
sidewalks and takes little or no enjoyment in sports 
where poise and muscular equilibrium are features 
of skill. 

COLOR is situated just above the center of the 
eye-ball on the Superciliary ridge. When very 



THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 65 

large there is a prominence and fullness here and 
usually curved eye-brows accompany the prominence 
of Color. When Color is very small the brow is 
flat or depressed just above the center of the 
eye-ball. When the organ of Color is very 
large it gives perception, appreciation, recollec- 
tion and application of color. Gives natural taste 
and ability for harmonizing, blending and con- 
trasting color. The individual can match colors 
exactly to the most minute degree in shade, by 
memory of cok>r. Enjoys everything in nature and 
art that gives off color; is passionately fond of 
flowers and landscapes in which color abounds. Is 
very much shocked by bad taste in color and by 
inharmonious blending and bad contrasts in quality 
of color. When the organ of Color is very strong 
the individual, though he may be physically blind 
is still conscious of color and can distinguish variation 
by touch. When Color is very small the individual 
seems almost and is sometimes quite blind to differ- 
ences in color. Though the eye- sight may be good 
he cannot even perceive marked variety ; often 
mistakes blue for green and vice versa. Does not 
notice color unless it is very vivid like red or yellow. 
Cannot remember the color of eyes and hair of friends 
and finds it impossible to match colors even when 
every opportunity for matching them is afforded him. 



66 CHARACTER READING. 

ORDER is located on the Superciliary ridge 
next to Color and at the external arch of the eye- 
brow. When very large the brow is broad, full and 
prominent here. When very small the brow curves 
nearer the root of the nose. When the organ of 
Order is very large, as the name implies, the in- 
dividual loves order of arrangement and proceedure. 
Loves to do mental or physical work in orderly and 
systematic succession ; loves to have a time and 
place for everything and everything done in its 
proper time and place. Believes that "Order is 
Heaven's first law. ' ' It divides, generalizes and clas- 
sifies everything methodically. Is miserable when 
left among chaos and derangement, if not allowed 
to produce order and system. Cannot endure lack 
of methodical arrangement and slovenliness and 
will waste much time unnecessarily in trying to 
bring order out of chaos. Will be orderly, system- 
atic and "old-maidish" and wish everything done 
according to rules and regulations. Will waste 
much time over "red tape" and ceremony and keep 
everything in "apple-pie" order. When Order is 
very small the individual will be slovenly and un- 
tidy in all duties. Will have little or no system 
and will, like Diana in "Uncle Tom's Cabin" need 
to have her "general clearin' up" times to be able 
to find anything. Will care nothing about nicety 



THE PERCEPTIVE GROUP. 67 

of arrangement and will really feel much out of 
place where things are kept too orderly and system- 
atic and will feel under heavy restraint if compelled 
to be very particular regarding order and nicety of 
arrangement. 

CALCULATION is located next to Order and 
at the extreme outer angle of the orbit. When large 
it gives great width to the lower forehead and 
swells the frontal bone. When very small there is 
a marked narrowness to the forehead on a level with 
the upper part of the eye. The person endowed 
with very large Calculation has wonderful concep- 
tion of plurality, multiplicity and number. Can. 
make correct estimates in addition, multiplication 
and division almost as rapidly as the numbers 
may be read. Has innate judgment regarding 
number. Can make accurate computations in 
astronomy. Has ability to reckon mentally with 
great rapidity, and accuracy. Can remember dates 
and numbers of hours and anything concerning 
numbers. Can easily learn the multiplication table 
or anything where number is involved. When the 
organ of Calculation is very small the individual 
will have great difficulty in mastering anything 
involving mental arithmetic ; will learn the multi- 
plication table with great difficulty if at all ; will be 
remarkably slow, in mental arithmetic and will add 



68 CHARACTER READING. 

even the smallest sums mentally with great difficulty 
and inaccuracy. Hates calculation and everything 
connected with it. 

We have given the distinct tende7icy of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each organ as 
very small. These tendencies are modified by work- 
ing in combination with every other organ in the 
brai?i. They are also modified by Organic Quality, 
Temper a7ne?it y Activity and the relative size of the 
organ. 



THE LITERARY GROUP. 



There are five organs in the Literary group : 
Eventuality, Locality, Language, Time and Tune. 

The organ of EVENTUALITY is situated in 
the center of the forehead, to either side of the me- 
dian line and just above the organ of Individ- 
uality. When the organ of Eventuality is very 
large it gives memory of whatever interests the 
individual. He is full of past experiences and 
reminiscences, reminders and anecdotes. Will re- 
member whatever concerns or interests him. # Will 
have his own history at his tongue's end and will 
revel in telling of past times and happenings. Will 
be interested in history in general and particularly 
in history of things and places that have interested 
him. Whatever appeals to the rest of his organ- 
ization is treasured away in his memory. The 
organ of Eventuality simply retains for reference 
whatever is impressed upon the mental faculties. 
When it is very small, memory of even the most 
important events is most difficult and there is little 
or no interest in and memory for past experiences 
and for history. 

LOCALITY is situated outward from Event- 
uality and just above the organ of Weight. When 



70 CHARACTER READING. 

very large the forehead is full and prominent here 
and the distance from the opening of the ear is 
considerable. When very small the forehead is less 
full and is sometimes quite depressed and the 
distance from the opening of the ear is much less. 
When Locality is very large there is an innate con- 
ception of location, direction and place, strong love of 
scenery and great desire to see strange places, in 
traveling, and enjoy the constant change of land- 
scape. The individual can travel over strange 
country in the dark and never lose direction. Has 
natural ability to find places. Has a perfect passion 
for traveling and is never satisfied regarding this fac- 
ulty. Can locate anything once seen whether stars, 
Phrenological organs or whatever it may be. 
This organ makes natural Astronomers, Geog- 
raphers and Navigators. Makes one perfectly 
familiar with places not seen for years and remember 
the place in a book without remembering the 
number of the page. When Locality is very small 
the individual has little conception of direction or 
location and is easily lost even among familiar 
objects and scenes. 

TIME is the next external organ to Locality and 
is situated above the organ of Color and the forward 
part of Order. W T hen the organ of Time is very 
large there is a breadth and fullness to the forehead 



THE LITERARY GROUP. 71 

at this point, which is just above and outward from 
the middle part of the eye-brow. When very small 
the opposite is true, and the forehead rounds back 
more rapidly and is sometimes quite sunken here. 
When the organ of Time is very large the person so 
endowed is exceedingly punctual, intuitively accurate 
in estimating the lapse of time, and can tell the time 
of day without recurrence to a time piece. Always 
knows the day of the week and month and remem- 
bers easily the dates of all happenings. Is decidedly 
regular and punctual in habits and has a certain 
time for all duties and habits of life. Can waken 
out of sound slumber at any desired hour of the 
night. Is passionately fond of the rhythmic in 
poetry and music and keeps accurate motion and 
time in dancing, skating, rowing and walking. Can 
detect a flaw in the meter of a line in poetry 
instantly, or a deviation in correctness of time in 
music. Is in perfect harmony with periodicity, 
punctuality and duration of time, and hates any 
deviation from time of appointment by others. 
When the organ of Time is very small the individ- 
ual is very unreliable regarding lapse of time and 
finds it almost impossible to estimate the amount of 
time required to finish any given task, hence is 
always either ahead of or behind time and cannot 
endure having to limit himself to regularity and 



2 CHARACTER READING. 

periodicity and accuracy in time. 

LANGUAGE is not an external organ but is 
located between Locality and Time backward from 
and above the eye-sockets, on the orbitary plates, 
the bony roof of the eyes, which supports the an- 
terior brain. When very large it presses the eye 
outward and downward and gives it great fullness 
and prominence. When very small the eye is much 
less prominent and sometimes quite sunken. Large 
Language gives apparent size to the eyes and often 
great sack-like fullness to the lower lids. When the 
organ of Language is very large the individual has 
strong love of expression, verbal, and physical. 
Can express feelings and intentions with only 
a look or gesture. Is strongly given to talking, 
gesturing, and expressing ideas in every possible 
way, by a shrug of the shoulders or a glance of the 
eye, a frown or smile. Has an exceedingly ex- 
pressive face and expressive eyes and is naturally 
grammatical, eloquent, fluent, oratorical and correct 
in expression. Always uses not only the most 
correct but most applicable word to fit the case. 
Says the very thing meant. Can talk with as great 
rapidity as the thought will form in the brain. Is 
never at a loss for the right word. Has natural 
ability to write, read, recite or talk. Is apt to prefer 
vocal music to instrumental. Is a natural linguist 



THE UTERARY GROUP. 73 

and learns foreign languages with ease and pleasure. 
When Language is very small the individual often 
in trying to express himself gives directly the 
opposite impression to that which he desires to 
communicate. Is at a loss for words to express 
himself, and would sometimes rather remain mis- 
understood than bother himself to explain. Hates 
to talk or be talked to. Cannot acquire sufficient 
vocabulary to express himself correctly. 

TUNE. The Organ of Tune is located just at 
the temple, and is backward and outward from Time 
and just downward and forward from Constructive- 
ness. When very large the forehead at the temple 
is quite wide, and when very small is much more 
narrow. Sometimes when the organ is exceedingly 
large there is a marked fullness at the temple, but 
not always. It is the most difficult organ in the 
brain to estimate. Its location is very easily marked 
by the temple, but great care must be taken in 
observing the organ in those who have it exceed- 
ingly large, and the reverse before accurate judg- 
ments may be formed, as even the professional 
examiner will often be deceived in the strength of 
this organ. Temperament must be taken into con- 
sideration. If the bones of the body are small, and 
there is fullness at the temple — expect intense and 
exceedingly fine appreciation of harmony in sound. 



74 CHARACTER READING. 

If the bones of the body and skull are large and 
powerful and the temple full — expect much less, for 
the organ is located just back of the Temporal 
fossa, which is filled up with muscles and hence 
is not wholly accessible to measurement. See fig. 16. 
When the organ of Tune is very large the individual 
is keenly sensitive to harmony and inharmony in 
sound vibrations ; passionately loves music and the 
musical ripplings of water over pebbles, the songs 
of birds, the music of laughter and the musical mod- 
ulation of tone in elocution and conversation, finds 
music in the murmuring breeze, the sighing w T ind 
and the moaning tempest ; in the calls of birds and 
animals and is literally entranced by good music. 
Has a fine instinct regarding harmony and discord, 
melody and tone ; a fine ear for music ; learns music 
easily and remembers tunes once heard, also remem- 
bers voices of friends for years. When the organ 
of tune is very small, the individual can detect little 
or no difference in musical compositions, cannot tell 
one tune from another, and is often inexpressibly 
bored by music. Has no conception of the wide 
range of sound in nature. 

We have give?i the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each organ as 
very small. These te?idencies are modified by working 
i?i combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity and the relative size of the organ. 



THE REASONING GROUP. 



The Reasoning Group is made up of two organs 
— Comparison and Causality. 

COMPARISON is located to either side of the 
median line and just above Eventuality. When 
very large the forehead is quite full and prominent 
here, and when very small is flat or may be sunken. 
When the organ of Comparison is very large, the 
individual is exceedingly critical and analytical. 
Reaches conclusions by comparing the unknown 
with the known. Delights in personifications, sim- 
ilies, metaphors and figures of speech. Sees obscure 
likenesses in unlike things and principles. Reasons 
by comparing one thing with another. It gives 
excellent discriminating ability and draws inferences 
and conclusions from almost nothing, perceives the 
most minute likenesses and differences in things. 
It seeks for the appropriate. It compares objects of 
different classes and forms abstract ideas. It makes 
most unusual and striking comparisons between 
things very far removed from each other as to 
quality, use or condition. It is an element in all 
scientific investigation where analytical discrimina- 
tion is necessary. 



76 CHARACTER READING. 

It blends the congruous and incongruous, and 
is a general mental harmonizer. The Irish have 
exceedingly strong Comparison, and it figures largely 
in their peculiar style of wit, which sees ludicrous 
and inappropriate resemblances and takes advantage. 
It is large in the class of poets who indulge in 
similies, metaphors and personification. 
"O, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? 
Like the swift-fleeting meteor, the fast-flying cloud ; 
Like the flash of the lightning, the break of the wave, 
Man passes from Earth, to his home in the grave.'' 
1 ' Then the mortal coldness of the soul 

like death in itself comes down ; 
It cannot feel for others' woes, it dare not 

dream its own. 
That heavy chill has frozen o'er the fountain 

, of our tears: 
And though the eye may sparkle still, 

'Tis where the ice appears. 
' ' Though wit may flash from fluent lips, 

and mirth distract the breast, 
Through midnight hours that yield no more 

their former hope of rest ; 
'Tis but as ivy leaves around the ruined 

turret wreathe, 
All green and wildly fresh without, 
but worn and gray beneath." 



THE REASONING GROUP. 77 

When Comparison is very small there is very 
little discriminating ability and little or no concep- 
tion of the beauty of figures of speech. Little ability 
to reason by abstract comparison, and little or no 
analytical tendency. 

CAUSALITY is located between Comparison 
and Mirthfulness, just upward from Locality and 
downward from the forward part of Agreeableness. 
When the organ of Causality is very large, the 
organ rises high and full and gives great prominence 
to this part of the forehead. Full Causality gives 
the best evidence of individual development of any 
organ in the brain on account of the Frontal Emi- 
nences being located at this region. See fig. 16. 
When this organ is very small, the forehead rounds 
gently back toward Mirthfulness and is some- 
times, though very seldom, slightly depressed. 
When the organ of Causality is very large, it gives 
a penetrating, planning, theoretical, philosophizing 
and originating cast of mind. It seeks a cause for 
all things, and has reasons for all actions; desires 
to know the why and wherefore of everything ; in- 
vestigates cause and effect and is very capable of 
discerning and applying clearly and correctly causes 
to effects and effects to causes ; has original methods 
for doing things ; is constantly planning, scheming, 
originating and creating resources and methods and 



78 CHARACTER READING. 

ways. Has a use for all materials at hand ; can 
adapt ways and means. Can readily contrive, 
invent and originate whatever the rest of the organ- 
ization may need. Is fond of thinking, planning 
and studying into abstract principles. When very 
small the individual has little conception of motives 
in action, does things with no apparent reason ; sees 
very little relation between cause and effect and is 
exceedingly incapable as a planner and reasoner, 
and is always at a loss to account for actions. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large a?id of each organ as 
very s?nall. These tendencies are modified by working 
in combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity and the relative size of the organ. 



SOCIAL SENTIMENTS" OR SOCIAL 
CONFORMING GROUP. 



The Social Conforming Group is made up of 
four organs — Human Nature, Mirthfulness, Agree- 
ableness and Imitation. 

HUMAN NATURE is located in the upper 
forehead usually at the point where the hair begins 
and as a rule is just at the turn of the head, just 
above Comparison and to either side of the median 
line. Human Nature is the primary organ of this 
group. When very large it gives fullness and 
prominence to the forehead at this point, and the 
distance from the opening of the ear is considerable. 
When very small the forehead recedes more rapidly 
and the distance from the opening of the ear is 
much less. Sometimes there is a marked flatness or 
depression when the organ is very small. 

When the organ of Human Nature is very large 
it gives keen discernment of character, absolute cor- 
rectness in judgment of characteristics that interest 
the observer; perfect perception of motives and 
accurate intuitive ability to understand human na- 
ture. It cannot be unknowingly imposed upon by 
others. Instantly detects a congenial or repulsive 
person ; understands human nature perfectly ; reads 



SO CHARACTER READING. 

men intuitively from looks, walk, manner, tone of 
voice and expression of the countenance. One who 
has this organ large knows intuitively whom he can 
trust and can perceive the state of mind or feeling 
of others. He is strongly impressed by the peculiar 
traits of character in others: enjoys watching people 
and seeks their motives. He is justly suspicious 
with some persons and justly confidential with 
others without any reason other than the action of 
this organ ; feels drawn to some persons and dislikes 
others and is capable of intelligent love or hatred at 
first sight. When very small the individual has no 
conception of difference in character: only knows 
people by associating with them and learning their 
traits by experience: he is easily misled by not 
understanding the motives of others. 

MIRTHFULXESS is located outward and 
backward from Causality, upward from Tune and 
the forward part of Time and forward from the upper 
part of Constructiveness and lower part of Ideality. 
When very large it gives breadth and squareness to 
the forehead on a line with Comparison and Caus- 
ality. 

When very small the head is narrow at this 
point and gently slopes backward. When the organ 
of Mirthfulness is very large it gives intuitive per- 
ception of the absurd, inconsistent, ridiculous and 



SOCIAL CONFORMING GROUP. 81 

laughable ; the disposition and ability to joke and 
make fun. Sees a funny side to everything ; sees the 
ludicrous even in the solemn and venerable andenjoys 
raising a laugh at the expense of others. Mirthful- 
ness is the comedian of sociability. It gives ready 
wit and turns answers into jokes, sometimes at vari- 
ance with good taste. It makes jolly company. 
Those who have Mirthfulness very large are con- 
stantly looking for something to laugh at and make 
others laugh. When very small the individual has 
very little ability to joke or to see jokes; is bored 
by constant witticism ; seldom laughs, and the ludi- 
crous or humorous has no effect upon him. 

AGREE ABLENESS.— This organ is located 
directly outward from Human Nature, upward from 
Causality and Mirthfulness and forward from the 
central part of Ideality. When very large it gives 
fulness and breadth to the upper part of the forehead 
on a line with Human Nature, and great distance 
from the opening of the ears to the location of this 
organ. When very small there is usually a marked 
depression at this point, and the distance from the 
opening of the ear is much less. When Agreeable- 
ness is very large the individual will be exceedingly 
polite, affable, pleasant, winning, fascinating, bland 
and courteous ; will be conciliatory, pleasing, accept- 
able, and will sugar over the unpleasant and disagree- 



82 CHARACTER READING. 

able things and make things seem pleasant that are 
not so. Will be decidedly complimentary ; and can 
say most disagreeable things pleasantly and without 
giving offense ; he will study to palliate, mitigate, 
smooth over and adjust the social relations and pro- 
duce harmony out of social discord ; in manner 
he will be oily, sweet-tempered, low-voiced and 
genial, bland and encouraging; insinuating him- 
self into the graces of all. He endeavors to 
make himself indispensable, and to be all things 
to all men ; he acts out the aphorism, " Politeness is 
the oil which lubricates the wheels of society." 

When very small the individual will do even 
kind and pleasant things in a disagreeable way. 
Will have little or no ability to smooth over and 
soften unpleasantness, and will constantly jar the 
finer sensibilities of the members of society with 
whom he comes in contact. Seems incapable of 
getting along smoothly and easily with neighbors 
and friends, and hates suavity and blandness and. 
excessive urbanity. 

IMITATION is situated just above and back- 
ward from Agreeableness, and just upward from the 
forward part of Ideality. When very large it gives 
breadth and heighth to the front top head, and when 
very small the head here slopes gently down from 
the median line toward the opening of the ears. 



SOCIAL CONFORMING GROUP. 83 

When the organ of Imitation is very large, it gives 
excellent qualification to copy, mimic, take pattern, 
follow example, plaguarize, model after the already 
invented, and to reproduce accurately what has been 
seen or heard. Those who possess this organ very 
large can imitate and act out almost anything. The 
tendency of this organ has often been confused by 
many Phrenologists with the tendency of the organ of 
Language to give physical gesture. Imitation alone 
does not give this tendency. It prefers following 
example to originating new methods ; copies every- 
thing, faults, and virtues, the correct and incorrect. 
When very small the individual cannot copy, and 
prefers originating new methods to following ex- 
amples. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large and of each orga?i as 
very small. These te?idencies are modified by working 
in combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity and the relative size of the organ. 



THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 



The Moral Sentiments embrace five organs — 
Benevolence, Veneration, Spirituality, Hope and 
Conscientiousness. 

BENEVOLENCE is located just upward and 
"backward from the organ of Human Nature to the 
forward part of the top head to either side of the 
median line, and just upward and forward from the 
organ of Imitation. When the organ of Benevolence 
is very large the front top head on the median line 
is decidedly full and prominent and rises high from 
the opening of the ears. When the organ is very 
small the front part of the top head lacks height and 
fullness, and for the mean stingy man to have a 
forehead " villianously low " is proverbial. When 
the organ of Benevolence is very large the individ- 
ual is sincerely sympathetic and generous, has the 
broadest charity for the frailty of friends, and in fact 
for the short comings of humanity in general. As 
the name of the organ implies, it imparts the utmost 
benevolence, kindness, sympathy and liberality ; 
makes the individual self-sacrificing, philanthropic, 



THE MORAL GROUP. 85 

generous, accommodating ; charitable in the broad- 
est sense of the word ; gives a desire to make others 
happy, and enjoyment in seeing happiness of others 
and ministering to their happiness ; will give and 
act freely for the benefit and happiness of others, 
and is full of pity for their misfortunes. When the 
organ of Benevolence is very small the individual is 
stingy, selfish, ungenerous and unkind ; seldom, 
feels sympathy and is decidly inhumane. 

VENERATION is located in the immediate 
top head just backward from the organ of Benevo- 
lence, and to either side of the median line. When 
very large the top head rises very high at 
this point, and when very small there is much 
less distance, and apt to be a marked depression 
at the center of the top head. When the organ 
of Veneration is very large it gives a reverential, 
prayerful, worshipful, religious feeling for all things 
sacred or considered so; produces excessive rever- 
ence for the Creator of the universe as such and for 
all his God-like characteristics, and for the miracles 
in nature; gives a tendency to pray, worship, sup- 
plement, plead and to observe religious rites. It 
may produce idolatry, superstitious reverence and 
excessive respect for those in authority. It may 
make the individual cringing, obsequious, servile, 
menial, and slavish, and gives reverential respect 



86 CHARACTER READING. 

for old age, love for the antique ; great interest 
in the established, and great love of relics and col- 
lecting them. It gives strong feeling of cast, social, 
intellectual, financial and religious, considers those 
fortunate in standing as possessing every attribute 
of perfection of character. When very small the 
individual has very little feeling of reverence, 
worship or respect. Hates long prayers, and is never 
appalled by the position of those in authority. 

SPIRITUALITY is located upward from Ide- 
ality, upward and backward from Imitation, and 
downward from the forward part of Veneration. 
When very large it gives width to the top head on 
a line slightly forward from the opening of the ear. 
When very small the distance from the opening of 
the ear is less, and the top head at this point rounds 
rapidly toward the opening of the ear. When the 
organ of Spirituality is very large it gives great faith 
in prophetic guidings. Gives strong perception and 
feeling of the spiritual ; gives prophetic ability ; 
belief in spiritual existence, and implicit faith in the 
absolute power of spirit over matter ; belief in witch- 
craft, premonition and spiritual guidance by dreams ; 
feels intuitively what is right and best, and what is 
about to happen. Those who possess this organ 
very large see visions, believe in dreams, ghosts and 
wonders, and are very credulous, superstitious, and 



THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 87 

easily influenced by the so-called supernatural ; per- 
ceive and know things before occurrence, entirely 
independent of the intellectual faculties or of the 
senses. Have a powerful internal consciousness of 
spiritual communion and guidance. Are fond of 
the occult, intangible, mystical and magic. The}' 
act many times contrary to reason, relying upon 
presentiments. Spirituality in this respect is just 
as correct and accurate as Time, Tune, Color, Order 
or any other faculty ; 

"It is the soul that sees : the outward eyes 

Present the object, but the mind descries ; 
And thence delight, disgust, or cool indifference rise. 

When minds are joyful, then we look around 
And what is seen is all on fairy ground ; 

Again they sicken, and on every view 
Cast their own dull and melancholy hue ; 

Or, if absorbed by their peculiar cares, 
The vacant eye on viewless matter glares." 

It knows what is going to happen, and 
what is best and proper to do under the circum- 
stances, and if left to itself it guides the 
individual correctly. When Spirituality is very 
small the individual has no conception of the 
spiritual or the infinite ; no faith in premonition, 
forewarning or spiritual guidance ; is Atheistic and 



88 CHARACTER READING. 

Materialistic and cannot conceive of the possibility 
of a Supreme power. Many people however con- 
sidered Atheistic, are not so at all, and it must not be 
inferred that those who are so erroneously con- 
sidered, have very small Spirituality. 

HOPE is located back from Spirituality, up- 
ward from the forward part of Sublimity and down- 
ward from the posterior part of Veneration. When 
very large it gives width to the top head on a line 
with the anterior portion of Sublimity. When very 
small the top head slopes gently down, toward Sub- 
limity, lessening the distance from the opening of the 
ear. When the organ of Hope is very large it gives 
expectation and anticipation of happiness and great 
success. "Builds castles in the air;" out of the 
ruins of which it builds other castles ; enjoys all 
things desired, in a?iticipation. It makes plans for 
the future without any basis to work upon , expects 
every desire to culminate in the future ; contem- 
plates with keen delight the bright prospects in 
life ; under-rates and overlooks obstacles and trouble; 
counts on more than is reasonable to expect ; 
attempts more than is possible of completion ; rises 
above present trouble by expecting better things 
from the future ; is sanguine, cheerful, and when 
disappointed simply hopes for better next time ; 
expects more than can be realized ; thinks all plans 



THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 89 

reasonable and favorable for success ; is lively, buoy- 
ant and expectant. When very small the individual 
is easily discouraged, hopeless, has no faith in any- 
thing, puts a damper on everything said, or 
proposed ; is always pouring on cold water and 
undertakes very little, lacking hope of success. 

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS is located on either 
side of Firmness between Hope and Approbative- 
ness. When very large it gives width to the 
coronal region and considerable distance from the 
opening of the ear. When very small the head is 
much more narrow and sloping here. When the 
organ of Conscientiousness is very large the indi- 
vidual is governed by the highest moral principle, 
desires to do justice to all men and wants justice 
done to self. Means to be scrupulously exact and 
just in all dealings ; perfectly honest in intention ; 
frequently condemning self and weighing self- 
motives ; gives perfect integrity of purpose ; loves 
the just as just ; the right as right ; duty as duty ; 
hates wrong because wrong ; is honorable and 
upright in principle ; feels guilty when conscious of 
having erred. Is sincere and desires to be thorough 
and accurate in everything to be done ; has moral 
principles and strictly adhers to them and expects 
others to do the same He wants everything done 
right and just so, and dislikes any deviation from 



90 CHARACTER READING. 

what he considers right. When this organ is very 
small the individual has little sense of account- 
ability ; acts more as circumstances may direct than 
from principle. He regards principles and strict 
rules for ethics as old maidish, and feels under 
restraint if compelled to adhere to them. 

We have given the distinct tendency of each or- 
gan in this group as very large a?id of each organ as 
very small. These tendencies are modified by working 
in combination with every other organ in the brain. 
They are also modified by Organic Quality, Tempera- 
ment, Activity and the relative size of the orga?i. 




Fig. 16. 



A. — Frontal Bone. 

B. — Parietal Bone. 

C— Squamous portion of Tem- 
poral Bone. 

D. — Where Occipital joins 
Parietal Bone. 

E. — Occipital Protuberance. 

F.— Mastoid Process. 



G.— Malar, or Cheek Bone. 
H. — Temporal Ridge. 
I.— Superciliary Ridge. 
J. — Angle of lower jaw bone. 
K. — Z} 7 goma. 

T. — Temporal fossa Location of 
"Tune.'' 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN. 



According to Goethe the skull is simply a 
continuation of the back-bone or vertebral column, 
consisting of four vetebrae, corresponding to the 
Occipital, Parietal, Frontal and Xasal. According 
to descriptive anatomy the skull is divided into two 
sections, the cranium and the face. We will simply 
consider the cranium. 

The cranium is made up of eight bones. Occi- 
pital, two Parietal, two Temporal, Frontal. Sphenoid 
and Ethmoid. The Occipital bone forms the 
posterior base of the skull, and supports principally 
the Cerebellum and Medulla Oblongata. The 
Occipital bone at birth consists of four parts, separate 
from one another, but at about the sixth year it 
consists of only one piece. At about the eighteenth 
to the twentynfth year it becomes firmly united with 
the Sphenoid so as to form one bone of the two. 

The two Parietal bones form the sides and roof 
of the skull and are smooth convex quadrilateral. 
They are marked in an eminence in the centre — the 
Parietal Eminence. The Phrenological organ of 
Caution corresponds in location with the Parietal 
Eminences. 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN. 

The Temporal bones receive their name from 
occupying the portion of the head where the hair 
first begins to turn grey. It is composed of three 
portions, the Squamous or scale like, the Mastoid 
portion and the Petrous portion. The Squamous 
portion is the anterior part, is very thin and semi- 
transparent and overlaps the Parietal bone. 

The Mastoid portion is the posterior part of the 
bone. The lower part of the Mastoid portion forms 
the Mastoid Process which varies very much in size 
and form in different individuals. The Mastoid 
Process is situated just back of the ear and affords 
attachment to muscles and is much larger in individ- 
uals of muscular development. 

The Petrous portion is the hardest bone in the 
body and contains the organ of hearing. 

The Frontal bone forms the forehead. On 
either side of the bone is an eminence which corres- 
ponds with the location of the Phrenological organ 
of Causality. These eminences are especially 
prominent when this is well developed. Just over 
the orbit is the Superciliary ridge which is caused 
by the outward projection of the frontal sinuses. 
Between the Superciliary ridges is situated the nasal 
eminence just at the root of the nose corresponding 
to the situation of the Phrenological organ of Indi- 
vidualitv. The Frontal Sinuses are generally 



94 CHARACTER READING. 

absent in the child, hence the nasal eminences and 
Superciliary ridges are smaller in the child, but are 
gradually developed with age. These eminences are 
of different sizes in different individuals, generally 
larger in men than in women and are frequently not 
of the same size on both sides, the left being usually 
the larger. 

At birth the Frontal bone consists of two pieces 
which become united later along the middle line by 
a suture . This suture occasionally remains through- 
out life but usually disappears early in life. Part of 
the Temporal bone forms the larger part of the roof 
of the orbit. The Sphenoid bone is so called from 
its fancied resemblance to a wedge. It forms the 
anterior base of the skull. It consists of two greater 
and two lesser wings projecting from each side of 
the body of the bones and projecting downward are 
two processes called the Pterygoid. The greater 
wings of the Sphenoid help to support the anterior 
middle portion of the brain. In adult life the 
Sphenoid and Occipital bones unite so as to form 
but one bone. 

The Ethmoid is a small spongy bone situated 
at the anterior base of the cranium between the 
orbits and at the root of the nose. It helps to form 
a part of these two cavities. 

At birth the skull is not all composed of bone. 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN. 95 

the bones at the top and sides of the skull being 
separated by membrane. At parts these membran- 
ous spaces are quite large and are called Fonta- 
nelles. There are six fontanelles, the anterior 
being the largest and it corresponds to the junction 
of the coronal and sagittal sutures or the articula- 
tion of the Frontal with the Parietal bones. The 
Posterer fontanelle is much smaller and is located at 
the junction of the Sagittal and Lambdoid sutures ; 
the other two, on the sides of the skull, close soon 
after birth. 

The Sutures. ( Sutura — a Seam. I 
There are three sets of Cranial Sutures, located 
at the vertex, sides and base of the skull. There 
are three Sutures at the vertex — the Sagittal, Coro- 
nal and Lambdoid. The Sagittal Suture extends 
from the middle of the Frontal bone to the Occipi- 
tal bone, and is formed by the junction of the 
Parietal bones at the top of the skull. \\ nen the 
two halves of the Fronal bones are not united, this 
suture runs to the root of the nose. The Coronal 
Suture runs across the vertex of the skull at the 
junction of the Parietal and Frontal bones. The 
Lambdoid Suture is formed by the junction of the 
Parietal and Occipital bones. It commences with the 
Mastoid of the Temporal bone and extends to the 
end of the Sagittal Suture. 



9> CHARACTER READING. 

The Sutures at the side of the skull, three iu 
number, are parts of a single suture which runs 
from the lower end of the Lambdoid Suture to the 
lower end of the Coronal Suture. The names of 
the three divisions correspond with the position — 
Spheno- Parietal, Squamo-Parietal, Masto-Parietal. 
At the base of the skull are four Sutures at the 
junction of the several bones in that region. 
The Braix. 

The Brain is divided into four principal parts — 
the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Pons Varolii and Me- 
dulla Oblongata. The Cerebrum is the largest part 
of the brain and occupies the greater part of the 
cranial cavity. The Cerebellum ( little brain ) occu- 
pies the base of the occipital portion and is separat- 
ed from the Cerebellum by the Tentorium Cerebelli. 
It is connected with the rest of the brain by means 
of bands or crura. 

The Pons Varolii is that part of the brain 
-which rests upon the basilar process of the Occipital 
bone, connecting the various portions of the brain, 
by the crura, and is connected below to the Medulla 
Oblongata. 

The Medulla Oblongata, or oblong body, con- 
nects the brain with the Spinal Cord, and lies be- 
neath the Cerebellum. 

The Cerebrum is divided into two halves by a 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN. 97 

longitudinal fissure. This fissure extends through 
the whole length of the Cerebrum in the middle 
line. It lodges the falx cerebri, or scythe-like pro- 
cess of Dura Mater, a fibrous membrane, which 
lines the interior of the skull, and covers the whole 
brain. Next to the Dura Mater is the Arachnoid 
membrane, so. called from its extreme thinness. 
Next to this is the Pia Mater, a vascular mem- 
brane. This membrane covers the gray matter of 
the convolutions of the brain. If the Pia Mater be 
removed the surface of the Cerebrum will show a 
number of convolutions separated from each other 
by depressions. (See Fig.) The outer part of the 
convolutions is composed of gray matter. 

Anatomists divide the Cerebrum into three 
lobes, according to position, Anterior, Posterior and 
Middle. 

The Cerebellum, or little brain, occupies the 
lower occipital fossae. It is separated from the pos- 
terior lobes of the Cerebellum by the Tentorium. 
The surface of the Cerebellum is not convoluted 
like that of the Cerebrum, but is traversed by 
numerous curved furrows which vary in depth in 
different parts. The under surface of the Cerebel- 
lum is divided into two lateral hemispheres by a 
depression. In this depression lies the back part of 



98 CHARACTER READING. 

the Medulla Oblongata. Each hemisphere of the 
Cerebellum divides into an upper and lower portion 
by a deep horizontal fissure, and from this fissure 
other smaller fissures branch out dividing the Cere- 
bellum into lobes. 

The average weight of the brain in a male is 
about 49 or 50 ozs. , or a little more than three 
pounds, and that of a female is about 45 ozs. The 
weight of the brain increases very rapidly up to the 
seventh year, and more slowly thereafter, and it 
reaches its maximum weight between thirty and 
fort}* years. After this period it is said that the 
brain diminishes slowly in weight as age advances 
and the mental faculties decline. 

The weight of the brain determines the mental 
capacity of the individual, but there is a decided 
difference between zveight and size of the brain, as 
has already been explained, although ordinarily the 
size bears a relation to the weight. In some very 
distinguished individuals the brain has reached as 
high as 63 to 65 ozs. in weight. 



PART II. 



HOW TO MAKE PRACTICAL DELINEATIONS 
OF CHARACTER. 

There are eight foundation principles in Phren- 
ology to be constantly born in mind in reading 
character. 

First. The brain is simply the instrument of 
the mind. 

Secojid. The brain is divided into two hemi- 
spheres longitudinally, hence each organ of the 
brain is double and is developed from a center be- 
tween the opening of the ears. Therefore the dis- 
tance from the opening of the ears to the surface of 
the brain determines length of the brain fibers. The 
wide head for Animality, the high head for Morality, 
full frontal lobe for Intellectuality and Social tact, 
full back head for Social love and full crown for 
Ambition. 

Third. There are nine natural groups of 
organs, the individual members of each group 
depending naturally on the other members of that 
group for development, restraint and co-operation. 



100 CHARACTER READING. 

Fourth. There are forty-two individual organs 
in the Human Brain, each of which has an individ- 
ual tendency, but which tendency may be affected 
by any of the other brain organs, by Organic 
Quality, by Temperament, by health determined by 
the physiognomical signs, by activity or by relative 
size of the organ. 

Fifth. All other things being equal, viz., 
Health, Organic Quality and Activity, size is the 
measure of power. 

Sixth. Organic Quality — two elements — Fine- 
ness and Density, decides the cast, class and tone 
of the individual. 

Seventh. Health and disease greatly vary the 
abilities and character of the individual. 

Eighth. A perfectly balanced head must be 
kept constantly in mind, and any deviation from 
this must be noted as a guide in estimating relative 
distance from the opening of the ear. 



COMBINATIONS OF TEMPERAMENTS AND 
FACULTIES. 



To make a practical delineation of character it 
is necessary to know how the temperaments and 
faculties combine with each other. We have given 
the individual tendenc}^ of each individual Tempera- 
ment, of each of the nine individual Groups and of 
each of the forty-two organs of the brain as very 
large and very small. We shall now give the 
modifications by their inter-relations and co-opera- 
tion. Of course there is a wide range for variety 
in character between the brain faculties being 
very large and very small. Phrenologists usually 
consider seven primary degrees of difference be- 
tween these two extremes, classifying them thus ; 
very large, large, full, medium, average, small and 
very &mall, with intermediate degrees, but the size 
of each group of organs and of each organ must be 
compared relatively with the size of the brain, and 
with each individual organ or group of organs in 
the brain. 

The degree of Temperament is likewise deter- 
mined, i. e., each temperament is compared with 



102 CHARACTER READING. 

the strength of the other two, and each tempera- 
ment is named in the order of its strength. Thus, 
Vital-Mental Temperament would mean Vital in 
predominance, Mental secondary and Motive last. 
Here strongest we would expect to find emotionali- 
ty, versatility, vivacity and the tendencies in general 
of the Vital Temperament, but largely modified by re- 
finement, delicacy, intellectuality, and the general 
characteristics of the Mental Temperament. See fig. 
3. For instance, an individual so constructed, as far 
as Temperament is concerned, would be emotional, 
vivacious, cheerful, gocd natured, hearty, enthusi- 
astic in a refined and intellectual sense. His emo- 
tionalities will partake of sensitiveness, intensity, 
fineness and acuteness. The impulses are quicker, 
the business intuitions keener, but the individual 
w T ill lack power, force and determination and the 
endurance that would have been given by the 
Motive if it were stronger. Fineness rather than 
Density in Organic Quality is likely to accompany 
this Temperament and if so the inclinations and 
capacity will be correspondingly modified. In fig. 
3 we have sufficient Motive to furnish necessary 
power and endurance. 

Vital-Motive Temperament means Vital in pre- 
dominance, Motive secondary and Mental last. An 
individual so constructed w T ould possess the charac- 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 103 

teristics of the Vital, have strong emotions, slow 
impulses and be full of ardor and power ; have the 
business abilities given by the Vital temperament, 
but w r ould be slow in decisions, and would have 
great physical endurance. He would, however, lack 
the keen intuitions and perceptions given by the 
Mental. Coarse Organic Quality is likely to 
accompany this Temperament and if so the character 
will also partake of its influence. 

Mental-Vital means Mental in predominance, 
Vital secondary and Motive last. The individual 
possessing this Temperament will be finely construct- 
ed, sensitive, nervous and delicately organized ; is 
exceedingly active, sprightly, vivacious and impul- 
sive, but lacks power, endurance and muscular 
strength. Will have small bones and muscles, but 
will be plump and rounded. Will be graceful and 
pleasing physically ; will be brilliant, oratorical and 
quite versatile ; apt to be poetic, artistic or literary. 
This Temperament is usually accompanied by very 
fine Organic Quality, which would increase these 
tendencies. (Fig. 17.) 

Mental-Motive means Mental in predominance, 
Motive secondary and Vital last. Here the activity 
of the Mental Temperament is greatly modified by 
the heaviness and deliberation of the Motive, if the 
Motive temperament is a predominance of the bones. 



104 CHARACTER READING. 




Figure 17. 

ANNA CORA MOWATT RITCHIE. 

Well balanced intellect. Emotional and sensitive organization^ 

Mental Vital Temperament. 



The individual will be tall, lank and bony ; will 
have great mental force and power ; great strength 
of mentality ; will be capable of prolonged mental 
effort. If the muscular element is the stronger, the 
activity of the Mental temperament is increased by 
the perfection of development of the muscular sys- 
tem which gives muscular and mental endurance 
with activity. The inefficiency of the Vital Tem- 
perament will greatly impair the digestive and 
circulatory systems, and the individual will be spare 
and slight built with very little superfluous tissue. 
Will be close-nit and compact. (Figure 18.) 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 



105 




MARY A. HOLLINGSHEAD. [Reader. | 
Mental-Motive Temperament. Finely and delicately organized. 



This Temperament is usually accompanied by 
Fineness and Density of organic quality, giving" 
corresponding characteristics. 

Motive- Vital means Motive Temperament in 
predominance, Vital secondary and Mental last. 
The individual who possesses this Temperament will 



106 CHARACTER READING. 

have great physical power and endurance, will be a 
powerful, strong and heathful animal; will be tough, 
forceful and tenacious, but will lack intellectual 
stimulus and power ; will have little desire to ac- 
quire knowledge from books, but will have quite a 
fund of practical information, w T hich he will derive 
from experience and contact with things. This 
Temperament is usually accompanied by coarseness 
but density of Organic Quality, adding to his animal 
nature and giving physical endurance. 

Motive- Mental means Motive Temperament in 
predominance, Mental secondary and Vital last. 
This Temperament gives strength, endurance, firm- 
ness and power of muscle and brain. The individual 
will have great activity when aroused ; have concen- 
tration and mental application and the desire to be at 
the head of whatever is undertaken. Is ambitious 
and energetic and has a positive and decisive manner. 
This Temperament being usually accompanied by 
great Density, and fair Fineness of Organic Quality, 
gives thoroughness and tenacity. An individual of 
this type has practical intellect. In form he is 
usually tall and slender, but strong and wiry. 

In combinations of the Motive Temperament 
allowance must be made for the element which is in 
predominance, the Bony or Muscular. 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 107 

(Copyright. )h 




Fig. 19. Harmonious Temperament. Harmonious Brain. 

BALANCED TEMPERAMENT. In this 
Temperament we find harmonious blending of all 
three of the original Temperaments. This is the 
perfection of Temperament. Here we have ex- 
pressed the fineness, sensitiveness, and intellectual- 
ity of the Mental, strengthened by the force, power, 
endurance and concentration of the Motive, and 
softened by the buoyancy, emotionality and heart- 
iness of the Vital. (Fig. 19.) Those possessing this 



108 CHARACTER READING. 

temperament are very versatile, and very capable 
of performing great varieties of work well. They 
have sufficient intellectuality for professional work, 
sufficient endurance and power for muscular work, 
where there is an intellectual stimulus and sufficient 
business capabilities given by the Vital, and unless 
too versatile are usually exceedingly successful, 
happy, and useful citizens. They have pretty well 
balanced heads, faces and bodies ; have broad 
shoulders and full chest, the head and face sym- 
metrical and the hair fine, strong and soft. This 
Temperament is usually accompanied by well 
blended Organic Quality, which adds to the refine" 
ment, power and capacity. 

Two of the Temperaments may be equally 
strong and the third represented less strongly, or 
one may be quite strong and the other two much 
less, but equally strong with each other. The 
degree of the relative strength of each Temperament 
must be taken into consideration and their tenden- 
cies correspondingly modified. 

In fig. 4 we have the Motive Temperament 
very strong and the Mental and Vital about equal. 
In cases of this kind the characteristics of the 
strongest Temperament must be given fully without 
any distinct modification from either of the other 
two Temperaments except in the relation they 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 109 

exist in regard to degree of development. 

Now having determined the tendencies of 
Temperaments and Organic Quality by combination, 
as these things are of the first importance in 
estimating character, they must not be lost sight of 
when estimating the strength of the organs and 
tendencies of combinations of organs and groups 
of organs, and Temperaments. The next thing to 
be considered is which group or groups of organs 
predominate and which are the most deficient. 
In order to estimate the size of the different groups 
the size of the brain must be determined by 
actual measurement. To determine the strength 
of the moral organs and Personal Sentiments 
draw a tape measure from the opening of one 
ear to the opening of the other, letting it pass 
directly over Firmness. This will give the height 
of the head at a point from which all organs on the 
top head may be determined. Then measure the 
circumference of the head so that the line will pass 
around the base of the brain. To get this measure- 
ment pass the tape line around the head from 
Individuality to Individuality over the Occipital 
spine. This measurement gives the circumference 
of the base of the Cerebrum. The average of this 
measurement is 22 inches in the male head and 
should compare with 14 inches over the top. The 



110 CHARACTER READING. 

average measurement in the female is about 21J£ 
inches with generally about 13^ inches over the top. 
In this connection it will be seen that the character 
of the person will possess most prominently the feat- 
ures of that group which predominates, and the 
direction in which the other groups w T ill act is guided 
by this predominance ; and the predominating group 
will be affected first, by the next largest group, 
wdiile the weakest group will affect the character in 
a much less degree but if very small will affect the 
character more, but negatively to its normal mission. 
For example ; (<z) If the Social Conforming 
Group is largest and the Social Propensities the 
smallest the individual will be pleasant, agreeable, 
mirthful, imitative, and will understand Human 
Nature exceedingly well ; will be able to imitate 
the feelings and emotions of human beings ; will be 
able to show off their frailties in a ludicrous way, 
but will have no real love for Humanity ; will feel 
no social impulses ; will dislike children, care little 
about the society of the opposite sex, but will make 
strong effort to be agreeable when in their society. 
If the Personal Sentiments be large he will desire to 
be in society, noLfor any love of people, but simply 
to gratify his love of praise, his confidence in self- 
superiority, and to study, imitate, amuse and flatter 
people, to gratify his love of ability to conform to 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. Ill 

social usages, and to gratify his love of praise and 
prominence. Not having genuine social feeling 
and instincts he will make few real friends ; will be 
unable to win the genuine affections of others as his 
actions in society will carry with them their own 
deception. He will be cold-blooded but polished ; 
will lack warmth, ardor and feeling in social rela- 
tions. 

For another example ; (6) If the Literary 
group is the largest, the Perfecting group next and 
Animal Propensities smallest, with fine Organic 
Quality and Mental Temperament, the individual 
thus endowed would, of course, have literary ability, 
in an artistic, poetical and musical sense. His 
productions would be musical, rhythmic and would 
be given in poetry or blank verse rather than in 
prose; he would write things abounding in sentiment, 
beauty and variety of expression ; would write 
beautiful descriptions of locations and places ; would 
love to travel and write about and talk about ex- 
periences in travel ; would have a mania for repro- 
ducing past experiences ; would revel in history, 
but in all productions and in all literary and musical 
composition would lack force, executiveness and 
courage and would be raised far above the material 
selfish world. He would place little value on life ; 
he would be exceedingly esthetic and would keenly 



112 CHARACTER READING. 

enjoy the esthetic and sentimental and the beautiful, 
elegant, delicate, magnificent and thrilling in litera- 
ture and music ; would be passionately fond of 
vocal music. 

For another example. (V) If the Reasoning 
Group is the largest. Moral Group second, and 
Perceptive Group smallest, Vital-Mental Tempera- 
ment with Fineness of Organic Quality but less 
degree of Density the individual would be theoretical, 
visionary, impractical, ethusiastically religious, 
hopeful, cheerful, impulsively generous; would have 
many theories for benefiting, elevating and improv- 
ing humanity ; would be very much interested in 
the studying and reasoning out of theology ; would 
be building "castles in the air;" would plan most 
things without foundation ; would be sympathetic 
but would be so impractical that his kindnesses would 
be less valuable than he would intend them, as he 
would plan without foundation and would be unable 
to cam- out his full intentions. If the Personal 
Sentiments are well developed he would desire to 
be thought capable and w^ould consider himself 
much more capable than his abilities would warrant; 
would desire the appreciation of others and would 
constantly be planning to attain prominence ; would 
have high sense of character and would be very 
careful to retain character. He w T ould have con- 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 113 

siderable positiveness which would be largely modi- 
fied by the Vital element in his temperamant He 
would be dignified but hearty, hopeful, full of ex- 
pectation and of reverance for things which he 
really considered above him. He would be kind, 
philanthropic, trustful and full of faith and worship 
for spiritual things and would have reasons and 
theories for his beliefs, though probably no practical 
foundation. 

These combinations of groups are too numer- 
ous for the scope of this book, and we have simply 
given these as examples of possible combinations. 
In these examples we have represented each group. 
On preceding pages we have given the tendencies 
of each group of organs as very large or very small 
and the examiner by referring to indications there 
given and by observing the rules at the beginning 
of Part II, will be able to get this part of the delin- 
eation pretty accurate. Give full credit to the tenden- 
cies of the strongest group, and modify those by the 
tendencies of the next largest group and of the 
smallest group and other conditions. 

COMBINATIONS OF FACULTIES, GROUPS, T EMIER 
AMENTS AND ORGANIC QUALITY. 
We are now ready to make a practical delin- 
eation of character. For simplicity we shall con- 
tinue delineation (A) given above. 



114 CHARACTER READING. 

If in the Social conforming group, Imitation is 
the largest organ, and Secretiveness is very large, 
with Ideality and Benevolence small. Mental 
Motive Temperament ; only fair Organic Quality, 
good Density but not Very great Fineness, he will be 
sly, cunning, deceptive, and his excellent ability to 
conform to social usages strengthened by his 
excessive development of the organ of Imitation will 
give him the ability to worm himself into the affection 
and regard of people, whom for motives of self- 
advancement he desires to know, and he will enjoy 
deceiving the people as he has no social feeling to 
restrain him. He will cosider any deceptive 
imposition a good joke and will revel in opportunities 
and seek opportunities to deceive others. He will 
be an all around policy man. He will hate 
humanity and consider them only stepping stones 
for his own personal use. He will have very little 
refinement; will have inordinate appreciation of self 
to the obliteration of everybody else. He will 
enjoy playing practical jokes; will enjoy imitating 
the habits of people. His intellectual capabilities 
will be blunted by coarseness of Organic Quality, 
and he will be capable of great harshness of feeling 
toward humanity. Will consider self and self 
motives first. He will have little interest in the 
delicately perfect, and together with his tendency to 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 115 

conform to society he will dress fashionably always 
but often wear clothes unbecoming. He would be 
rather cautious about methods of proceeding with 
people, and would seek the approval of society for 
selfish interests. Would have considerable positive- 
ness and application. 

Example (B) : If in the Literary Group Time 
and Tune were the largest, with full Continuity, and 
good Perception, his literary talents would run in a 
musical direction, and as a musical composer he 
would have excellent ability. With large Hope and 
Spirituality his musical compositions would be of 
profound sentiment and poetic reverie. His com- 
positions and executions would not be possessed of 
the forceful, powerful or tempestuous, but would be 
soft, inspirational, sweet, harmonious and brilliant; 
they would be full of sentiment, pathos and del- 
icacy of tone modulation. If Comparison were 
well developed he would see likenesses between 
music and nature and music and human feelings 
and in fact would see musical comparisons in every 
thing. His music would be full of the songs of 
birds, rippling of waters, chimes of bells and the 
voices of human beings expressing all kinds of emo- 
tions. With full Imitation he would have great 
tendency to descriptive writings and could express 
and imitate anything in musical composition. 



1L6 CHARACTER READING. 

In example (C) : If in the Reasoning group 
Causality were the largest organ, Agreeableness, 
Parental love and Conscientiousness large and Ap- 
probativeness full with small Continuity, the indiv- 
idual would have impulsive reasons and excuses 
for everything; would impulsively jump at conclu- 
sions; would have reasons for things before under- 
standing the nature of the thing in question; would 
make excuses for self and others agreeably and 
pleasantly; would be bland and pleasant; would ex- 
plain things that he had said for fear that they 
would not be agreeable; and would endeavor to say 
everything in an agreeable manner; would be ex- 
ceedingly impractical; more agreeable than the occa- 
sion would warrant; exceedingly indulgent, agree- 
able and impractical with children, but would de- 
sire to raise them properly; would be exceedingly 
just, upright and truthful in dealings and would 
carefully guard the moral reputation, the interests 
of the children in the family, and the intellectual 
standing; would be intuitive, imaginative and sus- 
ceptible. He would have very little ability to apply 
himself in any line of work and almost no ability to 
apply himself to physical work; would be change- 
able and would always have a new scheme or new 
plan in view in which he was interested. 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 117 

These examples will furnish the idea of com- 
binations, but as every one is differently constituted 
there can be no limit to combinations; and no 
amount of combinations that we might cite here 
would be of any value to the examiner when mak- 
ing a practical delineation. These are only illustra- 
tions of possibilities in combinations. The examiner 
must develop his own abilities; must develop Local- 
ity, Calculation, Constructiveness, Comparison and 
Form in order to locate, estimate and combine the 
organs and groups of organs, the Temperament and 
quality of organization. He must develop the 
Reasoning Group to be able to arrive at conclusions 
and make combinations, and he must have Language 
and Constructiveness well developed to construct 
his sentences and to express his thoughts readily. 

As every organ, in some degree, is possessed 
by every individual, it is not ueceesary in delineating 
character to pa> much if any attention to the organs 
that in development are neither large or small except 
as the delineator can see their inter-relation with 
other organs which are either decidedly strong or 
weak. The delineator, should pay great attention 
to the organs developed in excess of the others and 
should describe them in the most minute details, 
for their influence on the character is almost 
inestimable. He should also pay close attention to 



118 CHARACTER READING. 

the organs that are very small and describe them 
negatively to their normal mission, for their 
influence, as has been previously stated, is very 
strong. In the balanced head the slightest deviation 
from balance is of the greatest consequence in 
changing the balance of the organization. 

Observe closely the physiognomical signs in 
their relation with the Phrenological developments 
and combinations, as the physiognomical signs 
indicate the activity of the faculties rather than 
their relative capacity. 

Often an organ in developing will develop to- 
ward another organ bounding it and the two organs 
will seem to be developed together as one. In such 
cases the two organs will work together in the clos- 
est inter-relation, the stronger one being the prime 
mover, but all of its actions will be closely affected 
by the other organ. For example ; Self Esteem 
may be developed toward Firmness and the poster- 
ior part of Self Esteem be rather deficient, in which 
case the individual would have indominable will 
power, would be positive, self-asserting, bold and 
forward, but would not be independent, and would 
not have the self-respect that he would have if the 
backward part of the organ of Self Esteem were not 
deficient. 

If Constructiveness were large and developed 
toward Ideality which is also well developed, the 



TEMPERAMENTS A>*D FACULTIES. 119 

individual would have a perfect mania for making 
dainty little bits of fancy work, delicate and fine 
laces. Would revel in reconstructing millinery, in 
touching up things already made and adding a 
dainty touch of beauty to everything made or 
handled. If he had good business ability he would 
engage in a business where things of delicacy and 
beauty were manufactured and handled. 

Also observe closety the recent developmentsof 
the organs which will mark recent mental develop- 
ment and culture; These may be determined by the 
conical appearance of the organ in question. When 
any organ in the brain is undergoing rapid 
development by constant exercise the bony integ- 
ument correspondingly undergoes development in 
order to make room for the additional development 
of the brain. The organ in developing will 
naturally push upward from the center of develop- 
ment. This being the case it gives the organ a 
conical oppearance. Also note the deterioration of 
any organs. In direct opposition to the prominent 
development of the center of an organ undergoing 
culture the retrograding organ would become 
depressed. As the skull assumes all the shapes of 
the brain in the natural process of waste and repair, 
if an organ undergoes absorption by disuse or 
disease, the skull will, in course of time, show 



120 CHARACTER READING. 

evidence of the deficiency of the organ. These 
cases of rapid development and marked deterioration 
are not numerous but when observed are of 
remarkable interest and importance. 

For example, if an individual who had 
originally possessed large Hope, large Aquisitive- 
ness, and large Conjugality, but upon examination 
Hope were found to be centrally depressed, it would 
be reasonable to suppose, connecting his large but 
depressed Hope with the excessive development of 
Conjugality and Acquisitiveness, that he was 
originally exceedingly hopeful, buoyant and light- 
hearted but had certainly and positively met with 
serious reverses, and either great financial disaster 
had overtaken him or he had been greatly disap- 
pointed in winning the affections of the one loved, 
or the reciprocation of his affections had been 
disturbed by parental or other outside interference, 
or possibly by the death of the loved one. He has 
probably sustained by death the loss of a congenial 
wife or betrothed, on whom all his affections have 
been centered. But the examiner can state positively 
that either his affections have been blighted or he 
has met with heavy financial reverses that have 
overwhelmed his natural buoyancy. Supposing the 
first case, it is not improbable that the individual 
would sustain financial reverses as well, through 



TEMPERAMENTS AND FACULTIES. 121 

the neglect of business duties occasioned by the 
grief over the conjugal loss, and in this case 
his large Acquisitiveness would add to depressing 
his Hope. 

This example is simply to illustrate the 
philosophy of the inter-relation of the organs and 
how the disappointment of one active organ will 
effect another very strong organ by working with 
it and vice versa — Conjugality acting on Hope, 
Hope acting on Acquisitiveness, and finally 
Acquisitiveness acting back on Hope. 



122 CHOICE OF PURSUITS. 

Everybody in the world is good for something, 
and it is the duty of the Phrenologist after estimating 
the character to advise the individual regarding his 
talents and the line in which he may use those 
talents to the best possible advantage. To do this 
successfully the leading characteristics of the person 
must be kept in mind, and vocations sought out 
that will necessitate the exerciseof these strongest 
organs so that they may most ably compete with 
others. We will now give combinations of organs 
and business qualifications required for different 
avocations. These examples will give an idea of 
what is necessary to consider in relation to choosing 
a vocation. 

In the following we are giving the qualifications 
and necessary abilities to insure the best possible 
success in the avocations described. A man may 
possess only some of these abilities in a marked 
degree and still be proficient. Do not expect to 
find all the best qualifications for success in any 
line in all men but decide to what position the 
Phrenological developments most nearly approach. 
The degree of ability one would have for any 
pursuit may be estimated by comparing his ability 
with all the requirements of that position, and will 
also depend upon the size and quality of the brain 
and body. 



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CHOICE OF PURSUITS. 133 

There are many more trades and professions 
but we have given here some of the most important 
ones from which may be derived sufficient know- 
ledge of the principles of this part of the subject. 
There are many occupations which require similar 
qualifications to some given here either in a less or 
greater degree, and the delineator must use his own 
judgment in determining these qualifications and 
the necessary Phrenological Developments to fulfil 
same. 

Persons of light build and who are finely 
organized will succeed better in occupations requiring 
dexterity, mentality, and activity but will not be 
fitted for occupations requiring physical strength 
and endurance. Persons, strongly and powerfully 
organized will succeed best in occupations where 
heavy work is required and where power, endurance 
and courage are necessary. 

People who have business ability and mechan- 
ical ability should engage in such enterprises as are 
adapted to the rest of their organization. If they 
are strong, dense and powerfully organized they 
should engage in the manufacture of heavy and 
strong articles, but if finely organized and of a 
slight build they should engage in the manufacture 
of delicate, minute, perfect and fragile materials. 

The different Phrenological developments have 



134 CHARACTER READING. 

also a strong influence in directing the inclinations 
of an individual. For instance a man with large 
Social Propensities with very large Parental IyOve 
and with a fine organization wilt enjoy manufacturing 
or dealing in toys, furniture and all sorts of things 
adapted to the use, comfort or entertainment of the 
young, and also novelties and articles for use in the 
home. 

If the individual was raw-boned, strong and 
muscular, dense and powerfully organized, he 
would most likely engage in the constructing of 
heavy machinery, or iron bridges, etc. He would 
like to do heavy work, and use his muscular powers. 
If he had large Perceptives and good Construct- 
iveness with full Self-Esteem he would be a capable 
planner and superintendent of the construction of 
heavy mechanical engineering work. 



ADAPTION IN MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP. 



Of more importance even than adaptions of tal- 
ents to given pursuits are correct adaptions to insure 
harmony in marriage. Character is probably more 
largely molded by harmony or inharmony of marital 
environment than by any other one thing. To 
insure harmony in marriage there must be mutual 
admiration and respect and mutual sympathy, 
understanding and inclination. And besides these 
each must depend on the other to supplement and 
bring out the latent characteristics and restrain 
those that are over-strong. There must be 
conditions favorable to superior off-spring. All these 
will insure love, for love is only gratified by 
something that is congenial and is founded always 
on natural laws. The same Natural Laws that 
induce harmony in self will insure harmony in 
marriage. The more nearly we approach a balance 
in character, the happier and more harmonious we 
are. In marriage the aim should be to create a 
harmony, by choosing one who will supplement our 
character, and if true harmony exists the results in 
every respect will be harmony. 



136 CHARACTER READING. 

In Temperament, both together should represent 
as nearly as possible a balance of all the Temper- 
aments. For instance, if the Vital Temperament is 
deficient in one it should be supplied by the other. 
If the Motive Temperament is too strong in one it 
should be less in the other. If the Mental Tempera- 
ment be deficient in one it should be strong in the 
other, as far as Temperaments are concerned. In 
Organic Quality both should be equal, taking both 
elements into consideration. One ma}- be fine and 
the other dense, but they should be equally so, to 
insure similarity of caste, class and tone. In com- 
plexion marriage should represent the brunette and 
the blonde. One possessing a medium complexion 
should marry one possessing a medium complexion 
or either extreme of complexion. The brunette 
should marry the blonde or one possessing the char- 
acteristics of the blonde. One should be decidedly 
effeminate and the other should be decidedly mascu- 
line, or each should approach a balance. Both pos- 
itiveness and negativeness should be represented. 
Mentally the ambitions, tastes and social attitude 
should be similiar to insure harmony in the social 
and domestic relations and interest in the plans, 
arrangements, amusements and educational tenden- 
cies of each other. Discord arises from failure 
to agree or supplement. We love those who agree 



MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP. 137 

or harmonize with us, not those who contradict, in- 
terfere with and dissapprove our plans. Inharmony 
in taste, ambition,- social and domestic inclinations 
cannot exist and love continue. 

True marriage implies perfect unity, which 
should extend to every desire of the heart and mind 
and every life motive. 

"How blest the sacred tie that binds 

In union two accordant minds. 

How swift the Heavenly course they run 

Whose hearts, whose faith, whose hopes are one." 

Talent cannot love stupidity; refinement does 
not admire coarseness; learning is disgusted with 
ignorance; morality with immorality. 

Male and female, positive and negative relations 
pervade the whole universe, and apply to all natural 
laws. It is also true with Phrenological develop- 
ments. 

For instance : Approbativeness is negative 
and Self Esteem positive. Ideality is negative 
and Constructiveness is positive. Human Nature 
is negative and Agreeableness is positive. Secret- 
iveness is negative and Destructiveness is positive. 
Cautiousness is negative and Combativeness is 
positive. Firmness is positive and Continuity is 
negative and so on. Two positives will repel but 
a positive and a negative will attract each other the 



138 . CHARACTER READING. 

same as masculinity and femininity. This is a good 
rule to follow in adaptions in marriage. As has 
been intimated, the effeminate man will be more 
attracted to the masculine woman, and the masculine 
woman will be more attracted to the effeminate man, 
than to a musculine positive character like her own. 
A masculine man is not attracted to a masculine 
woman nor is an effeminate woman attracted to an 
effeminate man. Masculinity loves femininity and 
vice versa. Likewise in the brain faculties, the 
positive faculties will not love the same faculty 
large for a companion, while it will love a negative 
faculty that corresponds. For instance, large 
Firmness in one would not be harmonious with 
large Firmness in the other, but will be congenial 
to large Continuity. Large Self Esteem in one 
would not be harmonious with large Self Esteem 
in the other, but will be more congenial to large 
Approbativeness. Large Sublimity will be more 
congenial to large Ideality than to large Sublimity. 
A meek, pliable, gentle and persuasive nature 
would love force, power, and determination and 
needs that character to blend with its own and for 
protection. A self-reliant, positive, dignified, inde- 
pendent, ambitious individual would love a clinging 
dependent, negative companion and one who had 
versatility rather than stability of character. One 



MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP. 139 

who is intellectual, critical, analytical, philoso- 
phyzing, cause-seeking, and theoretical, would 
love one of equal intellectual endowments, but with 
opposite intellectual tende?icies, — one who is observing 
and practical — so as to supply material for his 
reasoning tendencies. 

The Personal Sentiments and Selfish propen- 
sities, all of which relate directly to self should be 
individually opposite in development. If the posi- 
tive organs relating to self are large in one they 
should be small in the other. 

For instance — if in one Destructivness, Acquis- 
itiveness, Combativeness, Self-esteem and Firmness 
are large they should be small in the other and the 
negative organs large, so that the first should be 
the leader and head of the family as there cannot 
be two heads. The other would prefer to advise 
with and be directed by the more powerful and 
positive and would enjoy his Self-reliance and 
positiveness. All the Moral organs and Social 
organs should be nearly equal in proportion of 
development to insure moral and social harmony. 
If Friendship and Inhabitiveness are large in one 
and small in the other, the one will enjoy exceed- 
ingly visiting and entertaining friends and will want 
to invite people to the house frequently, while the 
other will be inexpressibly bored by society and will 



140 CHARACTER READING. 

very much dislike the responsibility of entertaining 
guests. This will produce discord. Or, if one has 
very large Parental Eove and Conjugality, he will 
not marry until he can lavish all his affection on 
the one. Having done so he will desire her society 
constantly and will also be very fond of children, 
animals, and pets of all kinds. Will want several 
dogs, cats, birds or rabbits, and a large family of 
children. The other has these organs small and 
will be bored by the constant companionship of one 
individual and may desire to seek variety of compan- 
ionship. Will dislike children and hate to be both- 
ered with them. Will not want a family and will 
protest strongly against the house being filled up 
with dogs and all sorts of animals. Unless there is 
harmony and similarity in the Social, Moral and In- 
tellectual tendencies there will be a constant discord 
and unhappiness. 

Example: If the gentleman had large Self- 
Esteem, large Benevolence, large Destructiveness, 
larger Perceptive than Reasoning Organs, Motive- 
Mental Temperament, dark complexion, full Social 
Propensities, small Social Conforming group, good 
Density and fair Fineness of Organic Quality, with 
good moral and intellectual development, he would be 
Self-Reliant, dignified, manly, kind-hearted, execu- 
tive, practical, sympathetic, forceful, fond of 



MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP. 141 

society, patriotic, fond of wife, children and 
friends; would have intensity of feeling; would be 
interested in city, country and state progress ; would 
have high moral aspirations and would be interested 
in moral and intellectual advancement: but would 
have ver} T little ability to conform to Social usages; 
would be quite disagreeable at times; would like 
people but would have little tact in entertaining or 
influencing them; would be unable to imitate emo- 
tions that he did not feel; would show his own char- 
acter unguardedly. A man of this kind would be 
adapted in marriage to a womanwho was moral, in- 
tellectual, and social. She should have less Self- 
Reliance, but should have strong desire for appeci- 
ation; should be ambitious and should have great 
social tact; she should be mirthful, agreeable, kind- 
hearted and should understand people and human 
motives, so she could influence people and assist her 
husband to gratify his social feelings as well as her 
own, and to surround them with friends. She 
should be buoyant and light-hearted to offset his 
Temperamental melancholy and serious disposition. 
She should be a gooi planner, should be cheerful 
and vivacious, should be sensitive and intuitive. If 
she was not sensitive and intuitive, with her strong 
desire of appeciation and love of praise and admir- 
ation, she would be very frequently wounded by 



142 CHARACTER READING. 

her husband's lack of social tact; with her large in- 
tuition, she would readily detect his strong social 
nature and realize that his intentions were not to 
wound but that he was incapable of expressing his 
feelings in an agreeable manner; she should have 
less positive force and more read}' courage. Her 
moral and intellectual interests should be in sym- 
pathy with and supplement his. To produce these 
characteristics she should have smaller Self- Esteem, 
large Approbativeness, large Social Conforming 
Organs, large Benevolence, Mental Vital Temper- 
ament, large Reasoning Organs, Fineness of Or- 
ganic Quality, large Social Propensities, good moral 
and intellectual development, small Destructiveness 
and rather large Combativeness. 



DEVELOPMENT AND RESTRAINT OF FACULTIES. 



It is known that every muscle in lhe body may 
be developed by exercise. Every individual organ 
in the brain is also capable of development by exer- 
cise and deterioration by disuse. Of course, these 
organs in the brain as well as the Temperaments that 
are extremely weak should be cultivated in order to 
establish as nearly as possible a balance, and those 
organs that are excessively large and demand too 
much of the vital energy for support, should be re- 
strained. To restrain an organ is to exercise the 
other parts more, thus drawing more nourishment 
to the other parts and establishing an equlibrium. 
Organic Quality seldom needs restraint but may be 
developed by exercising the tendencies that it gives 
one when stronger. 

To cultivate the Domestic Propensities exercise 
the natural language of those organs and try to 
come in harmony with the tendencies produced by 
the organs when strongly developed. Think of 
children and the aged with tender solicitude. Try 
to get interested in the sports and childish interests 
of the young. 



144 CHARACTER READING. 

Draw out their childish prattle and associate 
more freely with them. Share their little games 
and study their motives. Seek aud enjo}' the 
society of the opposite sex. Note all their admirable 
qualities as possessed by the sex. Be in their 
society as much as possible. Cultivate an interest 
in what interests them. Be pleasant, gentle and 
courteous to them and try to win their regard. 
Find someone to love and cultivate warmth of 
feeling and strong affections for some one individual. 
Get interested in political, national, state and city 
affairs. Try to learn that your home and fireside is 
one of the noblest institutions. Go much into 
society and get interested in the affairs and doings 
of other people. Invite people to your home and 
entertain them. To restrain these organs try to 
turn the attention in other directions. Think less 
of the social relations, less of the happiness of 
domesticity; spend less time in the society of other 
people; cultivate other faculties, and draw your 
attention more to the intellectual and other qualities 
of your companions and associates, and not so much 
to their social qualities. Learn to be happy alone 
and that there are other places of interest besides 
the home; other interests besides those of the home; 
think less of the opposite sex. Be select in choosing 
friends and seek those who are in harmony with 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 145 

other parts of your nature. 

To cultivate the Animal Propensities don't be 
so goody goody; get down to business; try to earn 
money and save it. Cultivate more policy; watch 
people's motives; don't let them take advantage of 
your lack of self-defense; be more executive, more 
defensive and courageous. Remember that your 
life and life interests are more valuable to you than 
to anyone else. Take care of yourself for nobody 
else will. Remember that "God helps him who 
helps himself. ' ' As our animal propensities relate 
to our physical and material natures, by paying 
more attention to the care and welfare of our 
selfish interests it will create a better foundation 
upon which to base our higher attainments, and 
will develop us plrysically as well as mentally. To 
restrain these propensities remember that there is 
room enough in the world for everyone and do not 
encroach so much upon the rights and pleasures of 
others. Be more frank and open and above board; 
use less policy, less drive and push and force. 
Remember that the world is full of good people and 
that it is not necessary to be on the defensive all the 
time. Remember these are the most annualizing 
tendencies and restrain them, for the sake of your 
own self -culture; don't be an animal and push 
everyone out of the way, and step on them and 



146 CHARACTER READING. 

their interests; be a man and cultivate broader 
charities and consideration of others. Be more 
unselfish, live above the animal plane and try to 
live for something besides selfish gratification. 
Don't live to eat but eat only the things that will 
conduce to a higher development. Refrain from 
meat, from all condiments and stimulating foods. 
Live largeh' on fruits and grains. 

To cultivate the Personal Sentiments set more 
value on self; be somebody; win the respect of those 
around you; be a success in life; don't be swayed by 
what others think you ought to do but lay out a 
course of action and stick to it. Use your will 
power and perseverance in cultivating self-respect. 
Be dignified and self-reliant. Remember that no 
one else is so capable to make your decisions for 
you as you are. Stud}' to appear to a good 
advantage in everything you do; be careful of the 
impression you make and be careful to retain the 
respect of others. Apply yourself closely to what- 
ever line of work you decide on and be successful 
regardless of outside interference. 

To restrain the Personal Sentiments remember 
that you are not the only individual in the world 
worth considering. You don't know everything; 
in your particular line you might be quite capable, 
but remember that there are no doubt many things 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 147 

that have never been brought to }~our notice. You 
don't know it all. Compare } T our abilities with the 
abilities of those pre-eminently successful in your 
line and see how short of perfection you fall. Use 
more reaso?i in estimating your capabilities and try 
to think no more of self than is due self. Don't be 
so stiff and dignified and stubborn; so afraid someone 
will insult your dignity. Remember that real merit 
and worth are modest and retiring. Don't stick to 
one plan so positive that it is right, unless you have 
reasons for believing it so. Don't apply yourself 
entirely to one line of action and be less given to 
display and vanity and ambition; don't try to seem 
better than ever3 r body else and don't waste so much 
energy in trying to show off. 

To Cultivate the Moral Sentiments try to be 
more kind and sympathetic and generous with the 
faults and frailties and short- comings of other 
people. Be liberal and philanthropic. Feel pity 
and S3^mpathy for the misfortunes of others. Be 
guided more by your intuitions and spiritual pre- 
monitions. Develop more interest in the occult, 
spiritual and divine. Try to realize that this world 
is only the beginning of life; that we must con- 
stantly develop morally and spiritually to insure 
happiness in immortality. Dont be so incredulous 
concerning spiritual, religious and moral teachings. 



148 CHARACTER READING. 

Have more faith in trie kindness and honesty and 
generosity of humanity. Be broad-minded, chari- 
table, religious and more respectful of the rights of 
others and of things sacred. Cultivate a more wor- 
shipful spiritual nature, and develop hopefulness, 
cheerfulness and buoyancy both mental and phy- 
sical. Try to realize that everything that is, is 
right, and get into close sympatlry with nature and 
her laws. Be more just to others, more truthful and 
try to do what is right and kind always. Cultivate 
thorough integrity of character and remember that 
any deviation from right and justice is inexcusable. 
To restrain is seldom necessary except when not sup- 
ported by intellect, in which case the intellect should 
be cultivated. With other combinations these organs 
are eapable of strong bias and may cause religious 
intolerance. To restrain don't give so indiscrimin- 
ately. Cultivate other emotions than liberality, pity, 
generosity and philanthrophy. Remember that it is 
not always a kindness to assist others; that Nature 
intended every human being „t0 work out his own 
salvation. The assistance you render is very often 
a direct cause of the individual retrograding and be- 
ing more dependent on outside help, when he needs 
self discipline for self development. Don't trust so 
much to intuitions and premonitions and spiritual 
guidance. Remember that 3*0 u are living in a 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 149 

material world and must live materially. Live right 
here and the next world will take care of itself. 
Dont be so superstitious and so credulous. Dont be 
so slavish and reverential and self-renouncing. Spend 
less time in prayer and more in action. Remember 
the mOvSt earnest prayer is effort. Be less exacting 
of self and others as to right and wrong. Remem- 
ber every man has his own standard of what is just 
and unjust. Remember that your way is not the 
only way. 

To cultivate the Perfecting Group study the 
beautiful in Nature, art, music and literature. Notice 
the sublime bursts of eloquence in poetry and song. 
Study the thunder storm, watch the ocean, and 
clouds on the mountain peak. Come in s} r mpathy 
with Nature's miracles of force and power. Watch 
the lightning flash, the speed of the comet, and be- 
come imbued with love of the magnificent, royal, 
grand and mighty. Notice the minute and delicate 
perfections of the ocean shells, the mountain ferns, 
the spider's web, the beauty and delicacy of expres- 
sion in poetry and prose; the delicate modulation of 
tone in music, and try to reproduce all these. Cul- 
tivate the ability to form and reform images of the 
beautiful in the mind and otherwise. To restrain 
do not exaggerate the grandeur and awfulness of 
beauty in mountain scenery or storm at sea. Pay 



150 CHARACTER READING. 

less attention to the force and power Nature exhibits 
in volcanic action, the cataract, the aurora borealis. 
Seek to be truthful in describing these things and 
not exaggerate their immensity. Pay less attention 
to the stupendous, the miraculous, the magnificent 
and thrilling. Think less of the delicately perfect 
and try to live a more every day common place or- 
dinary* existence. Do not allow yourself to be so 
easily transported into the realms of the ideal, the 
imaginative, the fairy and etherial. Don't be sore- 
fined that you are incapable of enjoying existence 
and do not try to make every beautiful thing you 
see and thus rob yourself of time and attention that 
could be otherwise directed to better advantage. 
Don't be so sentimental. 

To cultivate the Social Conforming Group try 
to understand human motives and human nature. 
Try to read people at sight. Study everyone you 
meet and try to decide correctly on his character- 
istics and capabilities. Get interested in humanity. 
Try to be agreeable, pleasant and engaging and 
imitate the perfections of character, the gestures, 
laugh, and other characteristics of people that you 
may better appreciate their feelings. Try to see the 
mirthful, ludicrous and jolty side of life and make 
yourself as companionable with others as possible. 
To restrain, don't be so suspicious of human frailties 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 151 

and motives. Don't stare everybody out of counte- 
nance, trying to decide who they are and what they 
are and why the}^ do things so. Don't be so awfully 
engaging and nattering and courteous; remember 
that some people are bored by continual blandness 
and suavity. Don't be too witty. Remember that 
there is a time for fun, but that time is not all the 
time. Don't try to imitate and take off the ludi- 
crous and ridiculous things people do and say. 
Remember there is something else in the world be- 
sides mimicry and fun, and there is such a thing as 
being so obsequious, bland and curious as to be 
meddlesome and disagreeable. 

To cultivate the Reasoning Group, have a 
reason for every action. Try to trace the relation 
between cause and effect, effect and cause. Iyay 
your plans carefully. Study philosophy. Iyearn to 
give reasons and excuses for all actions. Criticise 
things closel3 r and analytically. Compare things 
with each other and try to trace likenesses between 
obscure things. To restrain, don't be so prolific in 
excuses and plans and theories and reasons. Try 
to be more practical. Don't make such obscure 
comparisons, and don't be so critical, analytical and 
so anxious for the why and wherefore. Don't use 
so many metaphors, and similies and figures of 
speech. Try to express yourself in plain language. 



152 CHARACTER READING. 

To cultivate the Literary Organs, try to express 
yourself accurately, clearly, correctly and profusely. 
Cultivate expression, gesture, tone and modulation. 
Study vocal music, study literature and history. 
Travel and note the events and dates of events of 
interest Cultivate the memory. Recall at night 
the happenings of the day and relate them in the 
best of language to someone, giving the time and 
place of occurances. Try to write expressively, 
grammatically and correctly. To restrain don't 
memorize things of no consequence and of no 
importance. Don't live behind the times. Try to 
realize that when an experience is past, that is 
sufficient. Spend less time, thought and money on 
travel and exploration. Remember that home is as 
good as any place. Try to localize, focalize and 
center the life in one place. Don't talk so much as 
to tire people out. Don't talk unless you have 
something to say. Don't bore people with relating 
incidents with such minute exactness regarding 
time of occurrence and place of occurrence. Re- 
member that there are other accomplishments in life 
besides music, elocution and literature. 

To cultivate the Perceptive Organs, note the 
size, weight, color, order, form, number and 
arrangement of things. Study the qualities of 
objects in detail. Study art, painting, sculpture, 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 153 

architecture and mental arithmetic. Be orderly, 
neat, systematic and graceful in arrangement of 
things. Note the beautiful variations of color, form, 
size and proportion of things. Take into consider- 
ation things in themselves and their characteristics 
in detail. Stud}' their practical uses. Observe 
everything closely. Notice and enumerate. To 
restrain, be less practical. Spend less time noting 
the minute and delicate tones of difference in the 
proportion, weights, colors and arrangement of 
things. Remember that in most things in life the 
material qualities of objects have no value. Be less 
observing aud discriminating regarding the qualities 
of objects. 

In training children, the law of cultivation by 
exercise, and retrogression by disuse of the phren- 
ological organs is again applicable. If the brain is 
active and too large for the body, the child's 
physical development should have attention, as 
otherwise its growth will be disturbed and its health 
impaired. According to the law just given, the 
brain should be kept as quiet as possible, for, being 
strong, it will take care of its own development and 
will naturally tend to excessive mental excitement 
aud exercise. All sorts of out door sports should 
be indulged in. The most wholesome diet used 
exclusively, and sufficient muscular exercise taken 



154 CHARACTER READING. 

daily to produce muscular fatigue without mental 
excitability. Early hours for sleep should be 
strictly adhered to and the child allowed to sleep 
and rest as much as possible. All exciting litera- 
ture should be prohibited and playmates younger 
rather than older selected. 

If any organs in the brain show inactivity or 
lack of development, they may be cultivated by a 
normal exercise of their natural language and char- 
acteristics to which they aspire. As was shown above 
if any organ is excessively large, and is of the nat- 
ure that requires restraint, the child's attention 
should be directed from it to other faculties. For 
instance if a child has too large Firmness and Ap- 
probativeness, the child will be exceedingly sensi- 
tive to praise and blame, and the mother in recogniz- 
ing the susceptibility of the child to praise and 
blame would naturally govern the child very stongly 
by resorting to approval and disapproval. This 
would naturally increase the child's sensitiveness and 
would be directly harmful. Such a child should 
rarely be praised and rarely censured, and should 
be governed by almost any motive rather than its 
desire for approval. Since it will have a firm posi- 
tive nature and will so strongly resist positive con- 
trol, it should never be directly opposed but should 
be persuaded, reasoned with or indirectly induced 



CONTROL OF FACULTIES. 155- 

to obey. Should never be given a positive com- 
mand. In this way the organ of Firmness will be 
kept quiet and the tendency to stubborn resistance 
will be checked. 



INDEX 



Alimentiveness 37 

Acquisition 41 

Amativeness 43 

Approbativeness 54 

Agreeableness 81 

Anatomy of Brain and Skull 92 

Breadth 22 

Brain Organs 35 

Benevolence 84 

Brain... 96 

Balanced Temperament 107 

Complexion 12 

Combativeness 40 

Conjugality 45 

Continuity 50 

Caution 55 

Children (training) 153 

Constructiveness 59 

Color 64 

Calculation 67 

Comparison 75 

Causality 77 

Conscientiousness 89 

Cerebellum 97 

Cerebrum 96 

Combinations 101 

Destructiveness 38 

Development and Restraint of Faculties 143 

Eventuality '.. 69 

Firmness 53 

Form.. , 62 

Friendship 48 

Groups of Organs 25 

Health 13 

Human Nature 79 

Hope 88 

How to make practical delineations 99 

Introduction 3 

Inhabitiveness 47 

Ideality 58 



INDEX. 157 

Individuality 61 

Imitation — 82 

Literary Group : 32-69 

Locality '. 69 

Language 72 

Motive Temperament '.. 16 

Mental Temperament 18 

Magnetic Poles 22 

Moral Group 34-84 

Mirthfulness 80 

Medulla Oblongata 96 

Marria ge 1 35 

Organic Quality 9 

Order 66 

Pursuits, Choice of 122 

Physiognomy 21 

Personal Sentiments 29-50 

Perfecting Group ..... 30-57 

Perceptives 31-61 

Parental Love 46 

Roundness 21 

Reasoning Group 33-75 

Sharpness 22 

Selfish Propensities 28-37 

Social Propensities 28-43 

Social Conforming Group 33-79 

Secretiveness 40 

Sublimity 57 

Self-Esteem , 51 

Size 63 

Spirituality 86 

Skull 91 

Sutures 95 

Temperaments 13-101 

Time 70 

Tune 73 

Vital Temperament 14 

Vitativeness.. 39 

Veneration , 85 

Weight 63 



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